Ukulingana ngokobulili ezweni lanamuhla elishintshashintshayo kuyindlela entsha ekuthuthukiseni ubuhlobo emphakathini lapho kungekho muntu ocindezelwe khona. Amazwe aseYurophu abona lokhu njengendlela yokuthuthukisa umnotho, ukuthuthukiswa kwezimboni ezihlukahlukene futhi, ngokujwayelekile, ngenjabulo yomuntu. Ezinye zibona ukulingana ngokobulili njengokusongela kwamasiko amisiwe.
Kuyini ukulingana ngokobulili? Incazelo
Ukulingana ngokobulili kusho ukuthini? Lona ngumqondo wamazwe athuthukile, ukubeka imibono yokuthi umuntu, noma owesilisa noma owesifazane, unamalungelo afanayo emphakathini namathuba. Lesi simo senhlalo sinamagama amaningana afanayo:
- ukulingana kobulili;
- ukulingana ngokocansi;
- ukulingana ngokobulili;
- ukulingana ngokobulili.
Izindlela eziyinhloko zokulingana ngokobulili
Ingabe ukulingana ngokobulili kunokwenzeka? Amanye amazwe (iDenmark, Sweden, Finland) asephendule lo mbuzo futhi esekelwe ekutadisheni lesi senzakalo, wafaka phambili okulandelayo ukuthi umuntu angagweba kanjani ngokulingana ngokobulili:
- ukubamba iqhaza kwabesifazane empilweni yezombusazwe nezomnotho ezweni;
- ukukhokhelwa okulinganayo kokubili ngokobulili;
- ukunika amadoda ukuba ahambe ukuze anakekele ingane ezalwa emndenini;
- ukungabi nabandlululo emsebenzini, ekukhuthazeni izinga lokusebenza, ukutholakala kwanoma yimuphi umsebenzi;
- ukushintsha kobulili uma kudingeke.
Izinkinga zokulingana ngokobulili
Ingabe ukulingana ngokobulili kuyintokwane noma ngokoqobo? Izakhamuzi zamazwe amaningi zibuza lo mbuzo. Akubona bonke abathi basebenzisa ngokugcwele izinhlelo ukuqinisekisa ukulingana ngokobulili futhi lokhu kuncike ezintweni eziningi nokucabanga. Amazwe anomndeni wendabuko indlela yokuphila, bheka ngokulingana ngokobulili ukubhujiswa kwamasiko amadala. Izwe lamaSulumane libona ukulingana ngokobulili ngokungalungile.
Izinga lamazwe ngamazwe okulingana ngokobulili
Ukulingana ngokobulili emthethweni kunqunywe yi-UN International Organisation emihlanganweni ye-1952 no-1967. Ngo-1997, i-European Union yasungula izindinganiso zokulingana ngokobulili:
- ukwelashwa okulinganayo kwamadoda nabesifazane emsebenzini;
- ukuhlala okuphephile emsebenzini wokukhulelwa, osanda kuzalwa nokubeletha;
- ukukhokhelwa okulinganayo komsebenzi;
- ukufakwa kwezigwegwe kubaholi ababandlulula.
Ukulingana ngokobulili ezweni lanamuhla
Umthetho wokulingana ngokobulili ukhona kumazwe aseNordic (imodeli yaseScandinavian). Ukubaluleka kokumelwa kwabesifazane kuhulumeni kunikezwa emazweni afana neNetherlands, e-Ireland, eJalimane. E-Canada, kunezinhlaka ezikhethekile zombuso ezigunyaziwe: uMnyango Wezindaba Zomfazi, Isigaba Sokulingana Ngokobulili se-Canadian International Development Agency. USA ngonyaka ka-1963 - 1964. ithatha imithetho ngokukhokha okulinganayo nokuvinjelwa kobandlululo.
Ubufazi nokulingana ngokobulili
Ukulingana ngokobulili emphakathini wanamuhla kubangelwa ukuhlaselwa okunjalo kwezenhlalo njengabesifazane, abesifazane bazibiza ngokwabo inhlangano yabesifazane besonto lama-19. - lokhu kwakuyi-wave yokuqala yenhlangano yesifazane yokuthola ilungelo lokuvota, kusukela ngo-1960 - isondo lesibili lokulingana nabantu. Isiqondiso samanje samakhosikazi, iminyaka emisha, okuthiwa ukulingana ngokobulili nokulingana kuboniswe ukuthi indoda nowesifazane bayalingana, kuyilapho owesifazane enesisindo sakhe sesifazane - wesifazane, nomuntu wesilisa.
I-New Age feminism ithi akukho muntu noma owesifazane okufanele abe namahloni mayelana nezici zobungqingili babo futhi bakhululekile ukuwachitha njengoba uthanda, ubulili ngokwalo angeke buhambisane nobulili obuphilayo futhi buhlobene nalokho umuntu azibhekayo. Ezinye izitayela zezinsikazi nazo zisekela ukulingana ngokobulili ngesisekelo esifanayo nokulingana kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubuhlanga, ubuhlanga, umbala wesikhumba sabantu.
Ukulingana ngokobulili ezweni lomsebenzi
Isimiso sokulingana ngokobulili sisho ukuthi bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane banamalungelo afanayo kunoma yikuphi okuthunyelwe enhlanganweni yomphakathi noma yangasese. Iphuzu elibalulekile lapha ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi owesifazane athole inkokhelo engaphansi kwesilisa osebenza ensimini efanayo. Eqinisweni, ukulingana ngokobulili emakethe yomsebenzi emazweni ahlukene kusezigaba ezahlukene zokuthuthukiswa. Ukulingana ngokobulili kuholele emazweni e-EU. Phakathi kwamazwe e-CIS yiBelarus, iRussia yizwe elinendlela yendabuko yobudala yokungafani nokulingana ngokobulili ngendlela efanele.
Ukulingana ngokobulili emndenini
Ukulingana ngokobulili kubhubhisa umndeni, kusho umfundisi waseMoscow, u-Archpriest Alexander Kuzin, ngokuthembela emthethweni kaNkulunkulu. Isikhungo somndeni kumele sihlale sinokuzimelela futhi singaguquki, futhi ukukhululwa kuyonakalisa umndeni wendabuko. Ucwaningo oluzimele olukhulu lwesiSweden oluqhutshwa ukuphenya umthelela wokulingana ngokobulili lwezindima zikababa nomama lungabangela ukukhathazeka kwengqondo okuqhubekayo ezinganeni. Lezi noma ezinye iziphambeko zenzeka ezinganeni ezingu-23% emndenini wendabuko, izingane ezingama-28% zihlala emindenini ye-ultra-yendabuko, kanti 42% yizingane ezisuka emindenini elinganayo ngokobulili.
Ukulinganisa Ubungani bobulili
Unyaka ngamunye, i-World Economic Forum inikeza umbiko (Umbiko we-Gender Gap Report) emazweni ahlukene, ngokususelwa ekuhloleni kwezingqinamba ezine:
- ukubandakanyeka kwabesifazane emnothweni kanye namathuba ahambisana nawo;
- imfundo;
- isilinganiso sobulili bezingane ezizalwa;
- ukubandakanyeka kwabesifazane emkhakheni wezepolitiki.
Idatha ehlinzekiwe ihlaziywa futhi ukulinganisa kwamanye amazwe ngokulingana ngokobulili kukhishwa. Namuhla, lesi silinganiso, esamukeleke ekutadisheni amazwe angu-144, sibonakala kanje:
- I-Iceland;
- ENorway;
- I-Finland;
- U Rwanda;
- I-Sweden;
- I-Slovenia;
- I-Nicaragua;
- I-Ireland;
- I-New Zealand;
- I-Philippines.
Amazwe asele, angahlanganisiwe phezulu-10, asatshalaliswa kanje:
- I-Republic of Belarus - indawo engu-26;
- I-Kazakhstan - 51;
- I-Ukraine - 61;
- I-Russia - 71;
- I-Kyrgyzstan - 81;
- I-Georgia - 94;
- I-Armenia - 97;
- I-Tajikistan - 98.
Ukulingana ngokobulili eRussia
Isikhundla sowesifazane ngisho nangaphambi kwezikhathi zakamuva eRussia kwakucatshangwa ukuthi asinakwenzeka, kusukela emithonjeni yamlando, iCathhedral Code ka-1649, uma owesifazane ebulala umyeni wakhe wamngcwaba ephila, futhi indoda eyabulala umkayo yayiphenduka kuphela esontweni. Ilungelo lokufa lalingabantu abaningi. Phakathi nesikhathi soMbuso WaseRussia, imithetho yaqhubeka ivikela abantu ikakhulukazi kuze kube ngu-1917 amaRussia abanjwe ukuhlanganyela ezintweni ezibalulekile zombuso. I-Revolution ka-Okthoba ka-1917 yaletha amaBolshevik amandla futhi yaguqula ubuhlobo phakathi kobulili.
Ngo-September 1918, amandla omthetho ahlanganisa abesifazane nabesilisa emkhakheni womndeni nasekukhiqizeni. Ngo-1980, iRussia Federation yavuma i-UN Convention ekuqedeni ukucwaswa kwabesifazane, kodwa umthetho wokulingana ngokobulili eRussia awuzange wamukelwe, izikhali zombuso zathinteka kuMthethosisekelo, osuvele unesihloko 19.2, othi kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubulili, yisiphi isakhamuzi unamalungelo alinganayo nenkululeko evikelwe nguhulumeni.
Ukulingana ngokobulili eYurophu
Ukulingana ngokobulili eYurophu namuhla kubhekwa njengesisekelo senhlalakahle yezakhamuzi. Umgomo wokulingana ngokobulili uhola ngempumelelo emazweni afana neNorway, Finland neSweden, Denmark, Iceland. Izinto ezibangela ekuthuthukiseni inqubomgomo yokulingana ngokobulili:
- Ukugxila kweDemocratic and social on the creation of state lapho inhlalakahle yabantu ingencike kobulili. Amalungelo omphakathi aklanyelwe ukuvikela ukulingana ngokobulili.
- Ukutholakala kwanoma yikuphi imfundo yokufundela kanye nendawo yokusebenzela yabesifazane. Umsebenzi ophezulu kakhulu wabesifazane base-Iceland (abangaphezu kuka-72% wabesifazane) naseDenmark (cishe 80%). Inamba enkulu yabesifazane ibambe isikhundla emnothweni womphakathi, kanti amadoda angasese. EDenmark, kusukela ngo-1976, sekutholwe umthetho wokukhokha okulinganayo kwabesilisa nabesifazane. E-Sweden, kusukela ngo-1974, kunomthetho we-quota, ngokusho ukuthi imisebenzi engama-40% igcinelwe abesifazane.
- Ukumelela kwabesifazane emishinini yamandla. AmaNorway akholelwa ukuthi inhlalakahle yezwe ixhomeke ekubandakanyekeni kwabesifazane ekubuseni, naseSweden naseFinland, lapho abesifazane abangaphezu kuka-40% bebamba isikhundla sehhovisi.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwemithetho yokulwa nokubandlulula. Emazweni aphezulu amahlanu aseNyakatho Yurophu engxenyeni yokuqala yama-90. imithetho yokulingana ngokobulili kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila ivunyiwe, evimbela ukucwaswa okuqondile nokungaqondile kubantu nabesifazane.
- Ukudala izindlela ezithile zokuqinisekisa ukulingana kwamadoda (izikhungo zomphakathi, iminyango yokulingana). Ochwepheshe abakhethekile baqaphele ukukhuthazwa kwezinqubomgomo zokulingana ngokobulili.
- Ukusekela ukunyakaza kwabafazi. Ngo-1961, ilungu leSweden People's Party labhalela inkulumo ethi I-Emancipation yabesifazane, okwakubangelwa izingxabano kanye nokuqaliswa kancane kancane kohlelo lokufeza ukulingana, izikhungo zokulwa nezinhlekelele zavulelwa abesifazane abahlukunyezwa ngamadoda, izikhungo zathola ukwesekwa kwezezimali ezivela kuhulumeni. Ukuhamba kwabesifazane ngokulingana kuqala ukukhula ngokufanayo kwamanye amazwe aseNyakatho Yurophu.
Usuku lokulingana ngokobulili
Usuku lokulingana ngokobulili - usuku lwamaholidekazi omhlaba wonke owaziwayo ngo-Mashi 8 lubhekwa njengosuku lokulingana kwamalungelo emazweni aseYurophu, kanye namadoda ekutholeni inkokhelo efanayo, ilungelo lokutadisha nokuthola noma yiziphi izisebenzi, ukubamba izithuba eziphezulu. Ukuqala kwalesi nqubo kwabekwa isiteleka sabasebenzi bezembatho ngo-1857. Ukufana kwabantu besilisa ngokobulili kubhekwa njengeholide lamazwe ngamazwe, usuku olwakhiwa yi-UN ngoNovemba 19 futhi ligujwa emazweni angu-60.