Izenzo ezinjalo zokuhlala njengokuphefumula, ukugwinya, ukukhipha, ukuchofoza - kwenzeka ngaphandle kokulawula kusuka ohlangothini lwamazi, kuyindlela yokuzimela, ukusiza ukuba usinde kumuntu noma isilwane futhi uqinisekise ukulondolozwa kwezilwane - konke lokhu kuyinkinga engadingeki.
Iyini i-reflex engavumelekile?
I.P. U-Pavlov, isosayensi-physiologist, wazinikela ekutadisheni imisebenzi ephakeme yokwesaba. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi yiziphi izinto ezicatshangelwayo ezingenakunqunywa, kubalulekile ukucabangela incazelo ye-reflex yonke. Noma yimuphi umzimba onesimiso sezinzwa wenza umsebenzi we-reflex. I-Reflex iyisimo esiyinkimbinkimbi yokusabela komzimba kuya kwisimo sangaphakathi nangaphandle, esenziwa ngendlela yokuphendula okuphendule.
Ukucabanga okungaqondakali kuyindlela ezithinta izakhi zofuzo ezibangelwa ukubeletha, ngokuphendula izinguquko ngaphakathi kwe-homeostasis yangaphakathi noma izimo zemvelo. Ukuze kuvele ukuzindla okungenakunqunywa kwezimo ezikhethekile, lokhu kuyindlela yokuphendula ngokuzenzekelayo engakwazi ukwehluleka kuphela ezifweni ezinzima. Izibonelo zezizindla ezingenakunqunywa:
- ukuhoxiswa kwesigungu esithinta ukushisa;
- i-reflex ye-knee-jerk;
- ukuncelisa, ukubamba izinsana;
- ukugwinya;
- ukuhlenga;
- sneezing;
- ukukhanya.
Iyini indima yezindinganiso ezingavumelekile ekuphileni komuntu?
Ukuziphendukela komuntu phakathi namakhulu eminyaka kuye kwahambisana nokushintsha kwezixhobo zezofuzo, ukukhethwa kwezimfanelo ezidingekayo ukuze zisinde ezindaweni ezizungezile. Isistimu yezinzwa yaba indaba ehlelekile kakhulu. Kuyini ukubaluleka kokuzindla okungenakunqunywa? Izimpendulo zitholakala emisebenzini yezazi ze-physiologists ze-Sechenov, I.P. Pavlova, P.V. Simonov. Ososayensi bahlukanisa imisebenzi eminingana ebalulekile:
- ukugcinwa kwe-homeostasis (ukuzilawula komzimba wangaphakathi) ebhalansi elungile;
- ukujwayela futhi ukujwayela umzimba (izindlela ze-thermoregulation, ukuphefumula, ukugaya);
- ukulondolozwa kwezici ezithile;
- ukukhiqiza.
Izimpawu zemiqondo engavumelekile
Isibonakaliso esiyinhloko sezindinganiso ezingenasidingo singenasisekelo. Imvelo iye yaqaphela ukuthi konke okubalulekile ekuphileni kule misebenzi yomhlaba kubhalwe ngokuthembekile ekhungweni le-nucleotide ye-DNA. Ezinye izici:
- Ukufunda nokuqala kokufunda akudingeki;
- ziqondile;
- ngokucacile - vuka uma uxhumane nesisusa esithile;
- ama-arcs ahlale ephikisayo ezinxenyeni ezingezansi zesimiso sezinzwa eziphakathi;
- Izingqondo eziningi ezingenakunqunywa ziqhubeka phakathi nokuphila;
- iqoqo lezindinganiso ezingenakulinganiswa lisiza umzimba, ezinkathini zokuqala zokuthuthukiswa, ukuvumelanisa nemvelo;
- iyisisekelo esiyisisekelo sokuqala kwezinguquko ezifakiwe.
Izinhlobo zengqondo ezingenakunqunywa
Ukucabanga okungaqondakali kunendlela ehlukile yokuhlukanisa, I.P. I-Pavlov yokuqala yabasakaza: elula, eyinkimbinkimbi futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Ekuhanjisweni kwezindinganiso ezingenakunqunywa yi-factor esithathwe yisidalwa ngasinye sezindawo ezithile zesikhala-sikhathi, uP.V. USimonov wahlukanisa izinhlobo zezingcaphuno ezingenakunqunywa zibe amakilasi amathathu:
- Izizindla ezingenakunqunywa - ziboniswa ekusebenzisaneni nabanye abamele i-intraspecific. Lezi zinkinga: ukuziphatha ngokocansi, ukuziphatha komhlaba, abazali (umama, umama), isenzo sozwela .
- Ukuziphendulela okubalulekile okungahambisani nazo zonke izidingo eziyisisekelo zenyama, ukulahlekelwa noma ukunganeliseki okuholela ekufeni. Nikeza ukuphepha ngabanye: ukuphuza, ukudla, ukulala nokuvuka, okubonisa, ukuzivikela.
- Ukucabanga okungaqondakali kokuzithuthukisa - kufakwe phakathi kokuthola ulwazi olusha, olungavamile (ulwazi, isikhala):
- ukucabanga okunqoba noma ukuphikisa (inkululeko);
- umdlalo;
- ukulingisa.
Izinhlobo zokuvimbela ukucabanga okungenakunqunywa
Ukuzijabulisa nokuvinjelwa kubalulekile imisebenzi ejwayelekile yomsebenzi ophazamisayo owenza umsebenzi odidiyelwe wezinto ezingokwemvelo futhi ngaphandle kwalokhu lo msebenzi uzoba yinto ephazamisayo. Ukukhishwa kwe-Braking okungenakunqunywa enkambweni yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwaphendukela ekuphenduleni okuyinkimbinkimbi yesimiso sezinzwa - ukuvimbela. I.P. I-Pavlov ihlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu zokuvimbela:
- Ukungena okungaqondakali (kwangaphandle) - ukusabela "Kuyini?" Kukuvumela ukuthi uhlole ukuthi isimo siyingozi noma cha. Esikhathini esizayo, ngokubonakaliswa okuvamile kwesimiso sangaphandle esingenayo ingozi, ukuvinjelwa akukwenzeka.
- Ukuvimbela okunemibandela (kwangaphakathi) - imisebenzi yokuvinjelwa okuqinisekisiwe kuqinisekisa ukuphela kwezinto ezibucayi ezilahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwazo, kusiza ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwamasignali ewusizo nokuqinisa abantu abangenalutho, futhi benze ukuphendula okubambezelekile ku-stimulus.
- Ukungena (ukuvikelwa) ukuvimbela ukuphepha kuyindlela yokuphepha engahambisani nemvelo, eyenziwe ukukhathala ngokweqile, ukukhathazeka, ukulimala okunzima (ukuphelelwa amandla, i-coma).
Uyini umehluko phakathi kokuzindla okunemibandela kanye nezizindlo ezingenakunqunywa?
Lezi zinto ezingenhla zibhekiswe ngokuyinhloko ngesihloko, okuyinto ebizwa ngokuthi ayikho emthethweni, kodwa kunesinye isigaba sokuziphendulela-okunemibandela, okungabalulekile kakhulu kulezi zinhlobo. Amanani kanye nokungafani kwezimo ezixubile ezimisiwe ezivela kubantu abangenasidingo:
- zitholwa kulo lonke ukuphila
- Izingxube ezihlukahlukene zingakha ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo;
- ungazinzile - vuka, uqine, uphele;
- ama-reflex arcs ezingxenyeni eziphakeme zesimiso sezinzwa eziphakathi;
Uyini umehluko emkhatsini wesimo semvelo kanye ne-reflex engenakunqunywa?
Ukubaluleka kokuzindla okungenakunqotshwa okunjengoba ukubeletha, ukuvikela ngokobulili kuyigugu kakhulu ekulondolozeni inzalo kanye nezinhlobo eziphelele. Izinkomba ezinjalo zibizwa ngokuthi izinkanyezi. Izinhlelo zokuziphatha zangasese, izinhlobonhlobo ngokuphambene nokucabanga okulula okungenakunqunywa: ukuthungula, ukuchofoza, kuyinkimbinkimbi elandelanayo yezilinganiso ezingenakunqunywa.