Amadivayisi wezokwelapha okuxilongwa asethuthukiswa ngaso sonke isikhathi. Izinsimbi zomculo eziningi zanamuhla, kuhlanganise namathempeli, zonke izinhlelo zesofthiwe nezixhobo ze-hardware. Zonke izingxenye nezinsimbi zomshini zazo zenziwa ngokucacile okuphezulu, futhi ngokucubungula idatha, izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-computer ezikhethekile kakhulu zinomthwalo wemfanelo.
Kuyini i-CT?
Isisekelo sedivaysi esicatshangelwe yi-tube evumela i-X-ray. Ijikeleza ngokushesha ngaphakathi kwendandatho enkulu (i-gentry), enkabeni yayo lapho kulele khona umbhede ohambayo (lapho isiguli silele khona). Ukuhamba kwetafula kanye nethubhu kuvumelanisiwe. Incazelo ecacile yalokho i-CT scan kuyinto uchungechunge lwezithombe ze-X-ray zengxenye efunayo yomzimba kusuka ezingxenyeni ezahlukene. Ngenxa yalokho, izithombe eziningi zelungu noma isakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo zitholakala ngezigaba ngobukhulu obuyi-1 mm, ezibekwe yizinzwa zomsindo.
Ngemuva kokuthi izithombe zithathwe, i-tomography yekhompuyutha "iqoqwe" isebenzisa isofthiwe ekhethekile. Zonke izinkinobho ezitholakalayo ezirekhodiwe yi-detectors ku-gantry zicutshungulwa uhlelo lokusebenza. Kulezi, uhlelo "lunezela" isithombe esicacisiwe sesithathu esendaweni ephenywayo, siboniswa ekuqapha komshini. Kulezi zithombe, izakhi ezincane ezibonakalayo zibonakala, ngisho nezinguquko ezinamandla emisebenzini yazo.
Yiziphi izinhlobo ze-CT ezikhona?
Ubuchwepheshe bezokwelapha buqhubeka njalo, ngakho-ke amadivaysi okuxilonga ayathuthukiswa. Izinhlobo ezilandelayo ze-CT ziyatholakala:
- ukuvunguza;
- multilayered;
- qhathanisa;
- i-angiography;
- i-perfusion.
I-spiral ikhompuyutha ehlanganisiwe
Leli fomu lamadivayisi liye lisetshenziselwa umkhuba wokuxilonga iminyaka engu-30. I-tomograph ye-computer evuthayo inezingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko:
- ukujikeleza i-X-ray tube;
- uchungechunge olulodwa lwezinzwa eziphuthumayo ezihambisana nomjikelezo wendandatho;
- umbhede uhamba ngapha nangapha.
I-mullayer ehlanganisiwe tomography
Lolu hlobo lwedivayisi lunikeza ucwaningo olunembile kakhulu nolwazi olunembile kakhulu. I-Multispiral computed tomography (MSCT) ihluke ekuxilongeni okujwayelekile ngenani elikhudlwana lama-detectors nama-tubes. Emaceleni achazwe, izinzwa zifakwe emigqeni engu-2-4. Esikhathini esiphezulu se-gantry, amashubhu amabili angama-X kuphela angashintsha, okusheshisa kakhulu uphenyo futhi unciphise umthwalo we-radiation.
Ezinye izinzuzo ze-MSCT:
- isofthiwe esisha;
- izithombe ezisezingeni eliphezulu;
- izithombe ezifani kakhulu;
- ikhono lokubhalisa izinqubo ezinamandla ngesikhathi sangempela;
- imininingwane esiphezulu ye-cut;
- indawo enkulu yokufakwa kwe-anatomical;
- ukwakhiwa kwezithombe ze-3D kuzo zonke izinhlelo kanye nezitho.
I-tomography ehlanganisiwe ngokuphambene
Ukwenza ngcono ukuhlukaniswa kwezitho ezisehlangothini oluhlangene nokwenza izakhi ezincane zokuphila ngokomzimba, isibonelo izitsha zegazi, izinhlobo ezikhethekile zezocwaningo lwe-CT zisetshenziswa. Basikisela ukwethulwa kwezidakamizwa okwandisa ukuhlukana kwezicubu uma bexosha ama-X-rays. I-tomography efana naleyo yenziwa ngezindlela ezimbili:
- Ngomlomo. Isiguli siphuza isisombululo nge-agent ehlukile. Umthamo wetshezi, ukulandelana kanye nemvamisa yokuphathwa kwayo kubalwa udokotela.
- Ngaphandle. Isixazululo sokuphambene senziwa ngumjovo noma nge-dropper othomathikhi.
I-CT engiography
Lolu hlobo locwaningo lwasungulwa ngqo ekutadisheni uhlelo lokujikeleza. I-CT engiography yezimpahla zentanyeni nekhanda kusiza ukubona ukuphazanyiswa okujikelezayo kulezi zindawo, kuhlanganise nesifo esibucayi noma isifo esibi kakhulu, ukuhlola ubunzima bemiphumela yabo, ukuthola izinkinga ze-quality. Ukuze ukwandise inani lokufundisa lenqubo, umuthi ohlukile owenziwe nge-iodine ujojelwa ngaphambilini emgodini we-ulnar.
Enye yezinzuzo zanamuhla nezimangalisa zemithi yinkinga yamakhompiyutha amaningi wekhanda, intamo, izitho kanye nezinye izingxenye zomzimba. Ngenxa yesofthiwe eqhubekayo lokhu ukukhwabanisa kuvumela ukudala imodeli emithathu-ntathu yesistimu yonke yomsakazo womuntu onokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi imephu yayo enemininingwane kunoma yiziphi izingoma.
I-CT perfusion
I-version eveziwe yocwaningo ibhekwa njengendlela ephelele kunazo zonke futhi enembile yokuthola izifo eziyingozi zokujikeleza. I-Perfusion ikhompyutha ye-tomography ihluke enkambisweni evamile ngokulingana okuncane kokunqunywa, okunikeza izitho ze-3D-model zezitho zomphumela njengomphumela. Ukuphathwa okunjalo kwenziwa ngokulawulwa kwe-intravenous of medium medium ngaphansi kokulawulwa kwe-dropper okuzenzakalelayo.
Ezokwelapha, kuphela ukukhishwa kwe-CT kwengqondo nobubindi. Akusizo nje ukudala isithombe esinembile kakhulu emithathu yezinhlaka eziphilayo, kodwa futhi nokuhlola ukuqina nokusebenza kahle kwegazi elihamba ngezicubu zabo, izitsha ezinkulu nezincane. Amadivayisi wanamuhla lezi zinqubo zingabonwa ngesikhathi sangempela.
I-CT - izinkomba nokuphikisana
Lolu buchwepheshe lusetshenziselwa kabanzi kwezokwelapha ngezinhloso eziningana. I-tomography ehlanganisiwe ingabelwa njengo:
- ukuhlola;
- ukuxilongwa okuphuthumayo;
- ukuhlolwa okuhleliwe;
- ukuhlolwa kokusebenza kokwelapha;
- lawula ukusetshenziselwa ukuphathwa kokwelashwa nokuxilongwa.
CT - izinkomba ze:
- ukuphelelwa amandla ;
- ikhanda;
- ukukhwehlela isikhathi eside;
- umkhuhlane;
- i-convulsive syndrome;
- izinguquko esimweni sengqondo;
- ukuhlukunyezwa kwekhanda;
- ukuphazamiseka kwegazi;
- ukulahleka kwezinto eziphathelene negazi;
- ukukhubazeka;
- ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo ;
- umfutho wegazi ophezulu;
- hypoventilation yamaphaphu;
- i-meningism;
- ubuhlungu kunoma yikuphi ingxenye yomzimba wesimo esingaziwa;
- ushintsho oluzinzile ekuhambisaneni kanye nekhwalithi yesitokisi;
- ukuphazamiseka kokugaya ukudla;
- ukuhamba kahle kwe-spine kanye namalungu;
- i-myalgia ;
- isifo sohlelo lokuphefumula;
- ukuphuma kwangaphakathi ;
- Izifo zamazinyo nesigxobo somlomo;
- ukusola ngokuba khona kwama-neoplasms kwanoma yiliphi ikhwalithi;
- i-paresis enamandla nezinye izimo.
Ukuqhathaniswa kokuhlukunyezwa ngaphandle kokusebenzisa i-agent ehlukile:
- ukukhulelwa;
- Isisindo somzimba sidlula ukuphakama okuvunyelwe idivayisi ekhona.
I-CT enezidakamizwa eziqukethe i-iodine inezinkomba ezifanayo, futhi ngeke kwenzeke ezimweni ezinjalo:
- i-myeloma;
- ukungezwani komzimba ku-agent ehlukile;
- isifo sikashukela sinesigaba esibucayi;
- ukuhluleka kwezinso ;
- isimo esijwayelekile esinganelisekile somuntu;
- i-pathology ye-gland yegciwane.
Kuyini ukuboniswa komfanekiso we-tomography?
Ngosizo lendlela ehlongozwayo yokuhlonza, kungenzeka ukuhlola zonke izakhiwo eziphilayo. Yimiphi imibukiso ye-CT incike enjongweni yenhloso yayo, indawo engaphansi kophenyo kanye nohlobo lwenqubo. I-computer yokuvutha i-tomography isetshenziselwa ukuxilonga izitho zangaphakathi, izicubu ezithambile, amathambo namalungu. I-Angiography ne-perfusion isetshenziselwa izifo zemikhumbi emikhulu neyincane yegazi.
I-tomography ehlanganisiwe yesigxobo esiswini
Kule ndawo, ukuhlolwa kusiza ukukhomba izifo zanoma yiziphi izitho zomgudu wokugaya. I-tomography yezinyosi, i-spleen, amathumbu, isibindi, ama-pancreas anqunywe uma kwenzeka ukusola ngezinkinga ezilandelayo:
- i-abscess;
- ama-cysts;
- izilonda ezithathelwanayo;
- aneurysms;
- izicubu;
- ukwandisa noma ukuvuvukala kwama-lymph nodes;
- ukutholakala kwezinto zangaphandle;
- i-diverticula;
- ukuphuma kwangaphakathi;
- i-appendicitis;
- ukungabikho kokuzalwa kwangasese.
I-tomography ye-computer yomathumbu ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwe-medium medium. Ngaphambi kokuhlukunyezwa, isiguli siyophuza isisombululo esikhethekile se-iodine. Ngenxa yokusebenzisa indlela yokuphambene, imodeli emithathu yamathumbu izoboniswa ngokucacile hhayi nje kuphela izindonga zelungu, kodwa futhi nenethiwekhi yemithwalo yegazi, i-curve yemvelo kanye nesimo sezinambuzane ezinamanzi.
I-tomography ehlanganisiwe yesifuba
Le ndawo yocwaningo inikeza ukuxilongwa okufundisayo kwesimiso sokuphefumula, inhliziyo, isifo, i-aorta, izilonda ezincelisayo kanye nezicubu ezithambile. I-tomography yamakhompiyutha yamaphaphu ne-bronchi kunconywa ukuthi kutholakale izifo ezinjalo:
- ukutheleleka kwegciwane noma igciwane;
- i-tumor yezinto eziphilayo;
- aneurysm;
- i-embolism;
- isifo sofuba;
- i-pneumonia ;
- ukuhlukumeza okuthuthukiswayo;
- izinguquko ezithuthumayo;
- ukuguqulwa kwamathuluzi;
- i-atelectasis;
- pleurisy;
- i-sarcoidosis;
- ama-cysts aphikisayo;
- i-abscess.
Ezinye izifo ezisiza ukuxilonga i-thorax tomography:
- isifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi emikhulu;
- i-neoplasm ezinkingeni ze-mammary;
- i-mediastinitis;
- i-hiatal hernia;
- ukukhubazeka kwe-diaphragm;
- reflux ye-gastroesophageal;
- ukuhlukunyezwa ekuthuthukiseni i-mediastinum;
- i-lymphogranulomatosis nabanye.
I-tomography ehlanganisiwe yobuchopho
Ukuhlolwa kwesigungu esiphezulu sesistimu yezinzwa zomphakathi kusetshenzisiwe ngokumelene nesizinda kwanoma yiziphi izinguquko ekusebenzeni kwayo. Ngaphambi kwenqubo, udokotela kufanele achaze ukuthi ukuhlolwa kwe-CT ebuchosheni - uchungechunge lwezithombe ze-X-ray ezivela ezingxenyeni ezahlukene, okuvumela ukuba uthole izithombe eziphakeme kakhulu (tincetu) zokwakha imodeli ephelele ye-3D.
Ukuhlukunyezwa kusiza ukuxilonga izifo nokulimala komzimba, ukuhlola ubukhulu bokujikeleza emasimini, ukuqapha inqubo yokwelashwa. I-tomography yekhompyutha yobuchopho ibonisa ukuphulwa okulandelayo:
- ukushaya;
- izicubu ezinobuthi nezimbi;
- i-hematomas;
- ukulimala;
- i-abscess;
- ukugula okunamandla kwegazi;
- i-encephalitis;
- i-meningitis;
- izidumbu zangaphandle ezingxenyeni ezithambile;
- ama-cysts;
- ukuhlukunyezwa kokuzalwa okutholile noma okutholakele;
- i-edema;
- ama-fractures esisekelo se-skull;
- ukwanda emgodini wengqondo;
- i-hydrocephalus;
- i-thrombi ene-venous;
- izinkinga zokuhlaselwa kwe-ischemic or strokes;
- ukuphazamiseka kwama-hemispheres nabanye.
I-tomography yamazinyo wekhompyutha
Lesi sifundo sidinga izifo ezinamazinyo ezinzima noma isidingo sokungenelela kokuhlinzwa ngaphansi kwe-X-ray control. I-tomography ye-computer yomhlathi isiza ukuthola:
- i-neoplasms;
- ama-cysts;
- ukuvuvukala kwezicubu ezizungezile zezimpande;
- izinguquko kwisakhiwo se-periodontal ne-periodontium;
- ukutholakala kwamazinyo okuhlakanipha angatholakali;
- ukukhubazeka kokuzalwa;
- ukulimala komhlathi;
- Izinguquko ezimangcwabeni zamangcwaba;
- isifo sofuba;
- izifo zomsele wezimpande;
- ukuphazamiseka kwe-circulatory kwinethiwekhi yezitsha ezincane;
- ukuhlukunyezwa kwezono zangaphambili neziswini.
I-tomography ehlanganisiwe yomgogodla
Ukukhwabanisa okwethulwe kunikezwa ukucacisa ukuxilongwa ngobuhlungu obunzima ngemuva bese kukhawulela ukuhamba kwawo. Yini ekhombisa i-CT yomgogodla:
- i-fractures;
- i-osteoporosis;
- i-deformation;
- i-osteochondrosis;
- i-hernia;
- shintsha ku-lumen yesiginci somgogodla;
- ukubhujiswa kwama-vertebrae;
- ama-abscesses;
- ukucindezeleka kwezimpande zesisindo somgogodla;
- i-arthritis yamalunga e-intervertebral;
- izicubu;
- izidakamizwa ezivela ezindaweni ezizungezile;
- isisu;
- i-spondylosis;
- ukuphahlaza ema-vertebrae;
- i-scoliosis;
- izifo ze-rheumatic;
- i-stenosis;
- ukuvuvukala;
- ukungazinzi kwama-vertebrae;
- ukuxoshwa;
- ukucindezela imithwalo yegazi.
I-tomography yekhompyutha yezono zempumu
Inqubo ecatshangelwayo inikeza ukuhlolwa okuphelele kwazo zonke izingxenye zendlela yokuphefumula:
- ama-maxillary sinuses;
- izoni zangaphambili;
- i-labyrinth elandelwe;
- izigxobo ezinjenge-wedge.
I-tomography yekhompyutheni ye-ekhaleni ibonisa:
- i-etmoiditis;
- i-sinusitis;
- i-sinusitis;
- i-frontitis;
- i-sphenoiditis;
- izicubu zamangqamuzana omuncu kunoma yiliphi ikhwalithi;
- izinqubo zokuvuvukala;
- i-polyps;
- i-adenoids;
- ukukhubazeka, ukwehlukana nezinye ukulimala kwamathambo;
- izinto zangaphandle;
- ukungabikho kokuzalwa kwangasese kwesakhiwo.