Ukuxhumana ukushintshana kolwazi, imizwa, imizwelo phakathi kwabantu ngabanye, amaqembu abantu, umuntu oyedwa onomphakathi othile. Izazi zengqondo zanamuhla zihlukanisa ukukhulumisana kwezamasiko zibe izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko - amazwi, amazwi, ama-paraverbal. Inhlobo ngayinye yezinhlobo ihlolwe yinhlanganisela yezindlela ezahlukene, amasu nezitayela.
Izici zokuxhumana ngomlomo
Ukukhulumisana ngamazwi kuyindlela yokuxhumana ejwayelekile kakhulu, efinyeleleka futhi evamile. Eqinisweni, lolu hlobo lokuxhumana luhilela ukudluliswa kolunye ulwazi noma olunye ulwazi kusuka komuntu oyedwa kuya komunye ngokusebenzisa inkulumo kanye nokubona okwanele ngenye inhlangano.
Ukukhulumisana ngamazwi kuhlanganisa inkulumo yomlomo neyibhaliwe, eyenziwa ngohlelo lwesibonakaliso - ulimi nokubhala. Leyo nethiwekhi, noma yiluphi ulwazi olusakazwa ngosizo lwentetho futhi lubonakala ngokuzwa, lunikezwa njengesigijimi sombhalo futhi luzwakala ngokufunda, lubhekisela ezinhlotsheni zokuxhumana ngomlomo.
Ulimi nokubhala yizona zindlela eziyinhloko zokuxhumana. Imisebenzi esemqoka yalolu limi yilezi:
- ukuxhumana - lokhu kuyindlela yokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu ngomqondo obanzi;
- eyakhayo - kungenzeka ukuthi ukucaciswa okucacile komcabango othile emabinini womyalezo;
- Ukukhalaza - izindlela zokukholisa nokuthonya kumakhelwane;
- I-Fatic - indlela yokwakha oxhumana naye ngokuhambisana nemithetho ethile (isitifiketi);
- ngokomzwelo-okuchaza - indlela yokuveza ubudlelwane bomuntu siqu esihlokweni nesihloko sengxoxo;
- ukuqoqa - ikhono lokuqaphela, ukulondoloza, ukuqongelela nokudlulisa ulwazi esizukulwaneni esilandelayo;
- ubuhle - ikhono lokuveza imicabango ngesimo esicacile, esisha futhi esiyingqayizivele.
Izilimi zihlukanisa ezinye izinto ezingezansi kodwa ezingabaluleki kakhulu nezindawo zolimi - ukucabanga, ukuphakamisa, ukubhekisela, izinsimbi, imilingo nabanye.
Amafomu okuxhumana ngamazwi
Ukuziphatha komuntu okubandakanya kuhlanganisa inkulumo yangaphakathi nangaphakathi, ngomlomo nangobhaliwe. Inkulumo yangaphakathi iyingxenye yenqubo yokucabangela, icacile futhi ivame ukuvezwa ngesimo sezithombe nokuhumusha. Uma umuntu ecaca ngokucacile ngencazelo yenkulumo yakhe yangaphandle, akanaso isidingo sokwenza inkulumo yangaphakathi emisho ephelele kanye nemisho. Ukwakhiwa nokulungiswa kwenkulumo yangaphakathi kuyadingeka uma kuphakama ubunzima ekukhulumisaneni kwangaphandle.
Ukukhulumisana kwenkulumo yangaphandle kusho ukukhulumisana kwabantu emphakathini. Inhloso yayo yilabo abathintana nabo nsuku zonke kanye nokushintshaniswa kolwazi ngokuseduze, okujwayele, abangajwayelekile futhi abangaphandle. Kule fomu, izimfanelo ezifana nokuzikhethela ngokwakho, ukubhekisa, ukukhululeka, ukuzwelana kanye nezinga elibalulekile lokubeka ukuxhumana okwanele kubalulekile.
Amafomu wenkulumo yangaphandle ahlanganisa:
- Ingxoxo - ingxoxo, ingxoxo, ukushintshana ngomlomo kolwazi, ukucabangela, imibono. Ingxoxo ngesihloko esiphakathi kwabantu ababili noma ngaphezulu endaweni ekhululekile nethuba lokuveza ngokukhululekile isimo sabo sengqondo nezisombululo mayelana nendaba yengxoxo.
- Ingxoxo iwukushintshaniswa kwamaphuzu okuphikisa okuphikisanayo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi umuntu unelungelo lomuntu oyedwa noma iqembu labantu. Ukungqubuzana njengendlela yokuveza incazelo yangempela noma isikhundla kokubili kuyindlela yokuxhumana yansuku zonke, nendlela yesayense
ukusetshenziswa kwesisekelo sobufakazi. - I-Monologue - izinhlobo ezahlukene zokudlala phambi kwezethameli noma izethameli, lapho umuntu oyedwa ephendulela inkulumo yakhe eqenjini elikhulu labalaleli. Le ndlela yokuxhumana iyasetshenziswa kakhulu ekufundiseni ngendlela yezinkulumo, kanye nezinkulumo emihlanganweni ehlukahlukene.
Ukuphazanyiswa kwamagama ekukhulumisaneni kungaba yinkathi yobudala, yengqondo noma ye-lexical. Ngakho izingane ezincane nabantu abanenkimbinkimbi abakwazi ukuchaza ngokucacile imicabango yabo. Ukuphazanyiswa kwe-lexical kusho ukuqeqeshwa kolimi olubuthakathaka noma ukungabi nolwazi lokudlulisela isikhalazo kumxhumanisi.