Abantu bangasabela ngokuhlukile emcimbini ofanayo, ngoba ngamunye unezici zayo. Esinye sezifundo ezibaluleke kakhulu sithatha isayensi yezeminyaka yobudala, okucabangela izici ezihlukahlukene zentuthuko.
Umqondo weminyaka yobuchwepheshe bezingqondo
Ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kakhudlwana kokuthuthukiswa kobuntu, ukukhishwa kwemvelo kuthathwa ngezigaba zokuphila. Zingacatshangelwa ohlelweni lwezinhlelo ezingu-4 zokuhlola iminyaka edlule.
- Biological - isekelwe ekubunjweni komzimba.
- I-Psychological - esekelwe kuma-nuances wokuziphatha.
- Isikhathi sezenhlalakahle sisesayensi yokucwaninga izinga lokukwamukela izindima zomphakathi nemisebenzi.
- Ukuhlola umzimba- kuhlola kuphela isikhathi esiphila ngaso.
Kusukela ekubukeni kwezinto eziphilayo, umuntu angahlukanisa indlela yokuphila ibe yizigaba ezilandelayo:
- izingane - kuze kube yiminyaka engu-16;
- izinsizwa - iminyaka engu-16-21;
- evuthiwe - kuze kube yiminyaka engama-60;
- asebekhulile - kusukela eminyakeni engama-60.
Psychology yabantwana
Amamodeli wokuziphatha kokuphila kwesikhathi esilandelayo athathwa cishe kusukela ekukhulelwe. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-psychology yengane yezingane igxila ekunikezeni izibonelo ezinhle kakhulu. Abacwaningi banamuhla bakholelwa ukuthi ingane iqala ukwazi umhlaba ngaphambi kokuzalwa kwakhe, ngakho-ke, othisha be-enkulisa bahlanganyele ekuqedeni imfundo eyisisekelo, futhi abazali kuphela abanesibopho sezinto eziyisisekelo.
Kunombono wokuthi izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-3 kuphela zithatha lokho okwenzekayo, futhi uma zifinyelela eminyakeni yokuphenduka zivele zizama ukuthonya izwe elizungezile. Lokhu kumakwe ekuqaleni kokubunjwa kwemithetho yokuziphatha. Khona-ke izinguquko ezinyangeni zokuqala kwengqondo zithola ukujula okukhulu, futhi ikhono lokuqonda izimpawu ezingenayo livela. Lapho uneminyaka engu-5 ubudala, izingane zinesithakazelo ezimbangela zezenzakalo, ngalesi sikhathi umesaba ukwenziwa.
Ngemva kokungena esikoleni kukhona olunye ushintsho olujulile oluhlotshaniswa nokutholakala kwamakhamera amasha. Ukuqonda okuphazamisayo kusalondolozwa, kodwa ngokuqonda okuyisisekelo kokuxhumana kuqala ukuvela. Kancane kancane, izingane ziza ekuqaphelisweni komuntu siqu nesifiso sokuziveza. Kubalulekile ukuthi abazali basekele, baqondise umthelela.
Psychology of adolescence
Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, isifiso sokuzibonakalisa nokuzibonakalisa ukuzibusa sifinyelela phezulu. Izingane ezineminyaka yobudala yobudala zengqondo zithola kunzima ngenxa yobunzima besimo: umuntu angakwazi ukwenza izinqumo ezinolwazi, kepha usadinga ukunakekelwa kwezihlobo kanye nomthelela wabo oqondisayo. Isifiso sokuthola impilo enkulu sihlanganiswe nesimo sengqondo sokungabi namuntu. I-psychology yobudala incoma ngalesi sikhathi ukwakha umugqa okhethekile wokuziphatha ukuze umuntu angazizwa evinjelwe inkululeko futhi angaqonda iseluleko.
I-Psychology Ye Age Elikhulile
Kule nkathi, kunezimbali ezinamandla kanye nezinkinga eziningana. I-psychology yobudala, iminyaka ekhulile, ibheka isiteji esiphakathi, lapho kunethuba lokugubha abantu abazungezile, futhi baqhubeke nokuthuthukiswa kwabo. Amabutho asekulungele ukugxuma ezintweni ezingokomoya, ezengqondo, ezokudala, futhi kukhona nesithakazelo sangempela kulokhu.
Phakathi kwezikhathi ezinhle, i-psychology yobudala idlala ithuba lokudlulisela ulwazi esizukulwaneni esincane, kuqinisa umqondo wokuzibiza. Esimweni esingathandeki, kufika isikhathi sokulimala, ukubhujiswa, ukucwiliswa ezindaweni ezibucayi. Ukuvuthwa kubonakala ngomqondo wokuzinza, okuhlanganiswa nemibuzo ephikisanayo mayelana nokufaneleka kokukhetha okwenziwe kanye nokwenza okusemandleni akhe.
I-Psychology yabasebekhulile
Phakathi nokuguga, izinguquko zenzeka kuwo wonke amazinga. Ukuwohloka kwempilo, ukuthatha umhlalaphansi, ukunciphisa umjikelezo wokuxhumana kuholela ekuthuthukiseni umuzwa wokungabi nalutho. Ngenxa yokuthi ikhono elincishisiwe lokuzivumelanisa nezimo, inani elikhulu lesikhathi samahhala linikeza ukunganaki, kunciphise isifiso sokufunda okuthile okusha. Usizo ngalesi sikhathi lungasondelana, unikeze ithuba lomuntu omdala ukuze uzizwe ewusizo futhi.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engama-60, isimo sengqondo sokuphila siyashintsha, abantu bakhokha kancane kancane ukubukeka, kugxile empilweni nasezindaweni zangaphakathi. Inani lokuphila likhuphuka, ukuzola nokuhlakanipha kubonakala. Ukukhubazeka kokulawula kubonisa izici ezazifihliwe ngaphambilini, ngakho-ke kuvame ukuphawula ukuthi uhlamvu lomuntu osekhulile luye lwashintsha ngokuphawulekayo ukuze lubi nakakhulu.
I-psychology yobudala - izinkinga
Esigabeni ngasinye sokuthuthukiswa, umuntu kufanele anqobe ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi noma izinkinga ezihlobene nobudala. Ngezigameko ezinjalo zidlulela konke, kodwa abanye babhekene nobunzima obunzima nokuguqulwa okuphumelelayo esiteji esisha somuntu omdala. I-psychology yobudala isebenzelana nokucubungula izinkinga ezinjalo, ukunikeza isinyathelo ngasinye sokuthuthukiswa kusuka kumunye kuya kumamaki amahlanu. Okudume kakhulu yizinkinga zeminyaka engu-3, 7, 13, 17, 30 no-40.
Inkinga yeminyaka emi-3 engqondweni yengqondo yengane
Izinkinga zezingane ezingenayo imingcele ecacile, isiteji esithi "Mina ngokwami" siqala cishe eminyakeni emithathu, kodwa manje kaningi ukushintshwa kwebha yezinhlamvu kuze kube yiminyaka emibili. Kuleli qophelo, ingane ilokhu ishiya ukusekelwa kwabantu abadala, bezama amandla abo. Uba ngongenangqondo futhi enenkani, abazali kufanele baxoxisane nabo ngezinto ezenziwa ngaphambili ngesicelo. Izizathu zezinguquko ezinjalo zanele ukuthuthukiswa kwemisebenzi elula, ukwandisa isithakazelo esiyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuthola amathuba okuthonya imvelo.
Ingane ibona ukuthi ezimweni eziningi akadingi usizo lwabantu abadala futhi ekuzithembekeni kwakhe uzama ukuyiyeka ngokuphelele. Ngakho isifiso sokwenza konke ngokungafani nabazali abazama ukunciphisa ukuzimela kwakhe. Ngokuvamile izingane zizama ukuzibiza, ngaphandle kokuvumela umama wazo ngaphandle endlini, efuna ukungathinti amathoyizi akhe. Uma kukhona izingane eziningana, khona-ke umhawu uphakama, ngoba kufanele bahlanganyele amandla abo.
I-psychology yobudala - inkinga yengane eneminyaka engu-7
Ukuguqulwa okulandelayo kumlingisi kuxhunywe ngokufaka isikole, ngalesi sikhathi ingane iqala ukuqonda ukuthi kukhona khona izindima zomphakathi futhi uzame yona. Izinkinga zobuntwana zikhomba ukugcwaliseka kokuzimela. Eminyakeni engu-3 kwakuthinta kuphela uhlelo lomzimba, kanti umqashi wokuqala uqala ukuqonda ukuthi izwe lakhe langaphakathi lizimele kubazali bakhe. Ingane iqala ukubona ukuthi kukhona umthwalo wemfanelo, ingadlala ngemuva kokufeza imisebenzi yakhe yemfundo.
Kule minyaka yobudala, umzimba uphinde uguqule, ovula amathuba amasha. Ingane ayikwazi ukukholelwa ukuthi yayingenasici futhi ingakholelwa emlandweni. Ngakho-ke, amathoyizi ozithandayo ngaphambilini aphonswa ngaphandle ukuze abone izikhumbuzi zaleso sikhathi. Kunesithakazelo kukho konke okusha nokungaqondakali, okwenza kube nomhawu ngomzali okukhulunywe yedwa kanye nezingxoxo ngenxa yokusola ukuthi ulwazi olubaluleke kakhulu lufihliwe kuye. Sekuyisikhathi sokufunda ukuzithiba ukuze uveze kahle imibono nokuvimbela ukusabela okunamandla kakhulu.
I-psychology yobudala - inkinga yeminyaka engu-13
Lokhu kuyinkimbinkimbi yokukhula , okuyilapho kunesimo esisha sokucabanga esekelwe kwimiqondo. Izitatimende ezigunyazayo azisekho, noma yimiphi imibono idinga ubufakazi obuzoqhathaniswa nemizwa yomuntu siqu. Kunesithakazelo emibhalweni yefilosofi, ukuhlukumeza kuyaqondakala ngokwengeziwe, ngakho-ke kuzo zonke izinhlobo zobuciko bomculo kuba mnandi kakhulu. Phakathi kwezibonakaliso ezimbi kungase kube nesifiso sokuba nesizungu, ukunganeliseki nokukhathazeka.
I-psychology yobudala - inkinga yeminyaka engu-17
Inqubo yokuguqula ekukhuleni ihilela izithiyo eziningi, okunye okuyiyona inkinga yokukhula. Kulesi sigaba, ukwamukelwa kokugcina kwendima yabo yomphakathi, kanye nokuzikhethela kobuchwepheshe. Okunye ukuphazanyiswa kwentsha kusasele, isifiso esinamandla kakhulu sokufakazela ukuzimela, ukuzama isandla sabo ukuthola ubufakazi bokubaluleka kwabo.
I-age psychology - inkinga engu-30
Kancane kancane, ukuziphatha okusemusha kokuphela kokuyeka ukuqiniseka, ukuvula inkinga entsha yenkathi. Kuza ukuqonda ukutholakala komgwaqo onyathelwe kahle, kukhona ukungabaza ngokufaneleka kwayo, kungenzeka kube nokuqwashisa kwamathuba alahlekile. Ngokuvamile phakathi nalesi sikhathi kukhona ushintsho lwezinto eziza kuqala, abantu bazama ukufeza ukuzinza. Uma kungenakwenzeka ukuthuthukisa isimo sabo, izimo ezicindezelayo , ukuleleka, ukukhathala okungapheli, ukwanda kwezinkathazo.
I-psychology yobudala - inkinga yeminyaka engama-40
I-Psychology, inkinga yobudala obungamashumi amane ibukeka njengento yokuguqula empilweni. Lesi sikhathi sokuthuthukiswa okuphezulu kwezimfanelo zabo, umuntu uzizwa egcwalisekile ngokuphelele, uyeke ukuvulela entsha. Le nkinga ikhona uma kwenzeka izinkinga ezingaxazululwa iminyaka engu-30, ziphoqele futhi ukuthi zifune incazelo yokuphila. Imisebenzi eminingi ehlanganisiwe kaningi kanye nezinkinga zomndeni, echazwe ngokuqedwa kokusekelwa kwezingane nezihlobo ezindala, umsebenzi awusenzi ukwaneliseka.