I-Agnosia iyisifo esichazwa ukungasebenzi kahle kwezinhlobo ezithile zokubona. Ukukhubazeka kuthinta abantu kunoma yimuphi ubudala. Umuntu ngenxa ye-agnosia angahle alahlekelwe ukuzwa, ehluleka ukubona izinto, ubuso, noma abone zihlanekezelwe. Ukuqonda ngamafomu we-agnosia abonakala buthakathaka kugcinwa.
I-Agnosia - iyini?
Lo muntu uqondiswa ezweni elizungezile ngokusebenzisa izinhlelo zokubona izinzwa zesistimu yezinzwa eziphakathi. Ikhono lokubamba, ukuqaphela, ukukhiqiza nokuqonda incazelo engokomfanekiso yi-gnosis (enye i-Greek γνῶσις - ulwazi). I-Agnosia ukulahlekelwa noma ukuphulwa kwemisebenzi yokuqonda ngenxa yemilonda yengxenye yengxenye ye-cortex nezindawo ezingaphansi kwe-subcortical. Igama elithi "agnosia" lafakwa emvelweni wesayense wezokwelapha yi-physiologist waseJalimane uJalimane Munch, owafakazela ukuthi izilonda zezindawo ezithile ze-cortex zingaholela ekumpumputhe nasezithulu.
I-Agnosia ku-Psychology
I-Agnosia yiyona ukuphazamiseka okungokwemvelo, okuholela ekushintsheni ekuboneni . Izazi ze-Psychologists zihlola i-agnosia ngokuvumelana nokuzivumelanisa kwabantu ngokulandelana kwemishanguzo ye-pathological. Ku-psychosomatics kunezinkolelo ukuthi izinkinga zombono ziphakama kulabo bantu abesaba ukubhekana nezinkinga zabo ubuso nobuso, noma abafuni ukubona izinto ezicacile, noma kukhona ukuphazamiseka kuleli zwe. Ngezingxenye zokuzwa, umuntu uthola ulwazi mayelana nezwe, ukugxeka, udumo. Abantu abesaba ukungqubuzana nokugxeka bangase babe nezinkinga nabahlaziyi bokuhlola.
Izimbangela ze-agnosia
Izimbangela eziyinhloko zama-agnosias yizilonda noma izifo zobuchopho. Izizathu ezivamile ziyizi:
- izinyathelo eziqhubekayo ezinobungozi nezingenangqondo zobuchopho;
- i-infarction ye-myocardial;
- ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-craniocerebral yoluhlobo oluvulekile oluvaliwe ngezinxephezelo, izingozi;
- isifo sofuba esisemkhatsini wesisindo;
- Isifo sikaParkinson ;
- ukuzala okunzima okukhulu;
- ukugula ngengqondo (ukushada komqondo okuncane);
- izinguquko ezishintshayo ebuchosheni;
- izifo ezithathelwanayo ezihlasela isistimu yomphakathi oyinhloko (i-meningitis, i-encephalitis);
- ukuphazamiseka kokusakaza kwe-cerebral;
- ukutholakala kwezinto ezinobuthi ebuchosheni (mercury, lead, arsenic, substances psychoactive);
- Isifo se-Alzheimer's.
Izinhlobo ze-agnosia
I-Agnosia yisifo esingavamile, kodwa sibonakala emafomu ahlukahlukene. Kubonakala kaningi phakathi kweminyaka engama-10 no-20. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu ze-agnosia:
- okubonwayo;
- i-auditory;
- tactile.
Izinhlobo ezijwayelekile zama-agnosios:
- i-auditory;
- ukuvuma;
- indawo;
- umbala;
- ukuhlanganisa;
- i-anosognosia (i-Anton-Babinsky syndrome);
- ibuhlungu;
- olfactory.
I-agnosia yama-Auditory
I-agnosia ye-Acoustic ingokwezilwane ezibucayi. Kukhona ukwephulwa kokubona imisindo, inkulumo ngokujwayelekile. Ukulimala kwe-lobe yesikhashana ye-hemisphere kwesokunxele kubangela ukuphazamiseka kokuzwa kwe-phonemic futhi kubonakala kanje:
- ukuphazamiseka kwenkulumo (i-aphasia ye-sensory);
- ukulahlekelwa ikhono lokuhlukanisa phakathi kwemisindo yokukhuluma;
- inkulumo yesiguli "isaladi yamazwi";
- ukwephulwa kokufunda nokubhala.
Uma i-lobe yesikhashana ye-hemisphere efanele ithinteka:
- Imisindo nemisindo ayiqapheli nhlobo;
- Ukuphulwa kokuqonda ukukhuluma ngezwi labanye abantu;
- akunakwenzeka ukufunda nokukhiqiza izingoma zomculo;
- ukwephula ukuqashelwa kwabathandekayo ngezwi.
I-agnosia esebenzayo
I-agnosia ye-tactile ukungakwazi ukuhlukanisa izici ezifanisayo eziphathelene nezinto. Ukwamukelwa kokuthungwa: ukuthobeka-ubulukhuni, ubushelelezi-ukukhwabanisa akunakwenzeka, kuyilapho isisekelo sokuzwa sombono ophikisayo sigcinwa. I-agnosia ephathekayo ivela lapho izindawo ezithile ze-cortex zezindawo eziphakeme nezansi eziphansi zithintekile. I-Asteroignosis uhlobo olunezinkinga lapho isiguli esingaboni khona izinto ezijwayele ukuthinta amehlo avaliwe.
Somatoignosia
I-Somatoignosia ukuphulwa kombono wesikimu somzimba wakho, isikhala sangaphakathi. Kwezinye izigaba, i-somatoagnosis ibizwa ngokuthi i-agnosia esebenzayo. Kunezinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko ze-somatoagnosis:
- I-Anosognosia (i-Anton-Babinsky syndrome, isici se-blind cortical). Ukwephulwa okunjalo embonweni wesiguli, uma ephika ukuthi kukhona ukwephulwa kwakhe: ukukhubazeka, ukuphuphuthekisa, ukuyizwa. Isiguli sikholelwa ukuthi akaphelelwa amandla, kepha nje akafuni ukuhambisa. Isizathu se-anosognosia yisisindo se-lobe ye-parietal ye-subdominant cerebral hemisphere ezinkingeni ze-vascular (ikakhulukazi kumadoda asebekhulile).
- I-Autopagnosia . Isiguli silahlekelwa ulwazi lwezindawo ezihlukahlukene zomzimba wakhe. Ngezinye izikhathi isiguli singase sibe nomuzwa wokuthi kukhona "izingxenye" zakhe ezingaphezulu (ingalo yesithathu, umlenze, i-bifurcation) noma ukuntuleka kwezitho zomzimba (kaningi ngakwesokunxele). Izimbangela ze-autopagnosia zingaba yi-traumas, izicubu, ukushaya kwesimo esibi. I-Autopagnosia iyisimiso sokuxilonga esivumelanayo sokugula kwengqondo: isithuthwane, i-schizophrenia.
- Fingearognosia . Leli fomu libhekene nokungakwazi ukuhlukanisa phakathi kweminwe yesandla ngamehlo avulekile futhi avaliwe hhayi kuphela kubo, kodwa nangomuntu ongaphandle.
I-agnosia yendawo
Umqondo we-agnosia spatial uhlanganisa i-optical component. Lolu hlobo lwe-agnosia lubhalwe izimpawu zesifo sokubona isikhala, imingcele yayo, ukuphazanyiswa kwesikhala. I-agnosia yendawo ihlukaniswe ngokwezinhlobo zokuphazamiseka:
- > I-agnosia yendawo eyodwa. Isizathu sokunqotshwa kwe-lobe ye-parietal, ikakhulukazi okulungile. Umuntu ogulayo uqala ukubona kuphela uhlangothi olufanele lesikhala (ufunda umbhalo kuphela ngakwesokudla kwensimu) ngakwesokunxele unganakwa.
- Ukuphazanyiswa ekuboneni ukuhamba kanye nesikhathi (akinetopsia). Ukusheshisa, ukunyakaza kwezinto akubonwanga. Umuntu akakwazi ukufunda umdwebo namabalazwe, akasinqumi isikhathi ngokuhambisa imicibisholo ewashi.
- Imizila ejwayele i- agnosia - engaziwa, ukudideka okuphelele endaweni, imemori igcinwa. Iziguli zingase zilahleke ekhaya ekamelweni labo.
- I- gnosis yokujula - ikhula ezilwaneni zesifunda se-parieto-occipital (isigaba esiphakathi). Kubonakala kungenakwenzeka ukuba iziguli zikwazi ukuthola izinto ezifanele endaweni engamakhilomitha amathathu. Umuntu onokujula kwe-agnosis akahlukanisi imingcele eduze, ngokuqhubekayo, phambili-emuva.
I-agnosia ebonakalayo
Iqembu elikhulu kunazo zonke lama-agnosias, okubangelwa ukunqotshwa kwezingxenye ze-occipital ze-cortex nabahlaziyi ababukwayo, abakwazi ukuqonda nokucubungula ulwazi oluthola ngaphandle ngezinto nezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi. Ezokwelapha, izinhlobo ezilandelayo ze-agnosia ziyaziwa:
- isihloko (ukuqashelwa kwezinto kuphukile, kodwa umbono ugcinwa);
- idijithali (isiguli asikwazi ukubiza izinombolo);
- i-agnosia ye-dementia (ukungazinaki okungaziwa-okungaziwa - okungaqondakali kwezinto nezinto ezidwetshiwe: i-fungus, uma ngaphezulu - i-utamatisi, uma iphuma ngaphansi - ikhukhamba).
Amafomu okwenzeka njalo e-agnosia okubukwayo, angacatshangelwa ngokuningiliziwe:
- i-prosopagnosia;
- Ngesikhathi esisodwa;
- i-alphabetic;
I-agnosia yamazwi
Igama lesibili lesi sifo lufana ne-asymmetry. I-Alpha agnosia iyenzeka uma i-parietal ne-occipital lobes ishintshiwe. Kulephulwa, lo muntu ukopisha ngendlela efanele, amakhophi amasampuli ohlongozwayo wezinhlamvu, izinombolo, kodwa akakwazi ukuwabiza, akaqapheli futhi akawakhumbuli. Incwadi i-agnosia ihlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa kwe-alexia eyinhloko (ukungakwazi ukufunda umbhalo) kanye ne-acalculia (ukwephulwa kwe-akhawunti). Izimpawu zokuziphatha:
- isibuko ukuqonda izinhlamvu;
- izinhlamvu zixutshwe ngokusho kokusondelana kwe-optical nokuhlelwa okufanayo kwezakhi ezincwadini ("n" njenge "m", "p" njenge "ku").
Agnosia kanyekanye
I-Balint's syndrome noma i-agnosia ngesikhathi esisodwa ukuphula umbono ophelele wesithombe, izithombe, uchungechunge lwezithombe. Izinto nomuntu ngamunye kuqondwa ngendlela efanele. Isizathu se-agnosia esiqeshini se-anterior ingxenye ye-lobe ye-occipital. Kubonakala kanje:
- ukufunda okunzima futhi okuphuthumayo;
- inkimbinkimbi ekuqondiseni kabusha umbono ngakolunye uhlangothi (umbono ongenakugwenywa);
- ukwephulwa ekuhambeni kwama-eyeballs;
- ikhono lokubona into eyodwa kuphela esithombeni.
I-Prozapognosia
Loluhlobo lwe-agnosia olubukwayo lunentshisekelo kubachwepheshe. I-prosopagnosia noma i-agnosia ebusweni iyakhiwa lapho lo lop ophansi wesipiliyoni se-occipital noma esifundeni esifanele sendawo sithintekile. Kukhona uhlobo olungenangqondo lwe-pro-spontgenia eludluliselwa izakhi zofuzo (ngokuvamile kaningi ukuphazamiseka okuncane ku-2% wabantu). Ukuhambisana nesifo se-Alzheimer's. Izimpawu zokuziphatha:
- ukuqonda komuntu akuphuli, kepha isiguli asisho ukuthi unomuntu othize, akaqapheli;
- ikhono lokubona umuntu ojwayele izici zomuntu ngamunye: amadevu, amazinyo, amehlo, impumulo.
Icala le-prozopagnosia lichazwe encwadini ye-neuropathologist "Indoda ethatha umkakhe ngesiketi". Isiguli P., esibhekene ne-agnosia, singamqaphela umkakhe kuphela ngezwi. Ngezinga elilula, i-prosopagnosia yabhalwa ku-A.S. I-Pushkin, i-N.V. UGogol, Yu. Gagarin, L.I. Brezhnev. Eqinisweni ukuthi uphenyo lwe-prosopagnosia - UBrad Pitt, umdlali odumile waseMelika utshele abezindaba. UBrad uphazamisekile kakhulu ukuthi abangane bakhe nabantu ababajwayele bayamcasula, lapho evame ukudlula futhi angayeki ukukhuluma.
Ukulungiswa kwama-agnosios
I-Agnosia ayifuni ukuzimela, ngokuvamile ihambisana nezifo ezinzima noma ukulimala komqondo. Ukuhlolwa ngokucophelela nokucophelela ngokuphelele kungasiza ukuthola izimbangela zohlu oluthile lwe-agnosia, kuphela emva kokuba ukhethwe ukwelashwa kwemithi ephawulekayo. Ukulungiswa kwama-agnosias etiologies ahlukahlukene kwenziwa ochwepheshe: i-neuropathologist, i-psychiatrist, i-defectologist, i-psychotherapist. Ukuguqulwa okuphumelelayo kuxhomeke ekuxilongweni okufika ngesikhathi kanye nezinyathelo ezithathwe:
- ukutholakala okuphelele okuphelele, kanye nokwelashwa kwesifo esiyisisekelo;
- ukuxolelwa isikhathi eside, kusekelwa izidakamizwa zokuvimbela izidakamizwa;
- ukufaniswa komuntu onokuphila-okulindele i-agnosia: imisebenzi ehlukahlukene ehloswe ekuhlaliseni kanye nokufaniswa kwamakhono alahlekile ngendlela eyingxenye ngokuthuthukiswa kwezixhumanisi ezintsha ze-neural.