Sasivame ukucabanga ukuthi ama-antibiotic yimithi yecala elibi kakhulu, kodwa kukhona nezidakamizwa eziphephile ezibhekana nokutheleleka ngezindlela ezimbili futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo zinomthelela omubi emzimbeni wesiguli. Lezi zidakamizwa "ezimhlophe neziphuza" ziyi-macrolides. Yini ekhethekile ngabo?
"Obani" yizibalo ezinjalo?
Lezi antibiotics inesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi yamakhemikhali, izici zokuqonda ukuthi u-oh, kunzima kangakanani uma ungewona isazi semvelo. Kodwa sizozama ukuqonda. Ngakho-ke, iqembu lama-macrolides yizinto eziqukethe indandatho ye-lacone macrocyclic, lapho kungaba khona izinombolo ezahlukene zama-athomu e-carbon. Ngokwale nqubo, lezi zidakamizwa zihlukaniswe ngama-macrolides angu-14 no-16-azalides, aqukethe ama-athomu angu-15 e-carbon. Lezi antibiotics zihlukaniswa njengezinhlanganisela zemvelaphi yemvelo.
Owokuqala kwakungu-erythromycin (ngo-1952), okwamanje ohlonishwa odokotela. Kamuva, eminyakeni yama-70 no-80, kuye kwatholakala ama-macrolides anamuhla, ngokushesha awela ebhizinisini futhi wabonisa imiphumela emihle ekulwa nezifo. Lokhu kusebenze njengesikhuthazo sokuqhutshelwa phambili kokufunda ama-macrolides, ngenxa yokuthi uhlu lwaso namuhla lukhulu kakhulu.
Ama-macrolides asebenza kanjani?
Lezi zinto zingena esitokisini se-microbe futhi ziphazamise ukuqala kweprotheyini kuma-ribosomes ayo. Yiqiniso, ngemva kokuhlaselwa okunjalo, ukutheleleka okungekho emthethweni kunikezela. Ngaphandle kwesenzo sokulwa namagciwane, ama-antibiotics ama-macrolides aneziqu zokuzivikela (ukulawula ukuzivikela) kanye nomsebenzi wokulwa nokuvuvukala (kodwa ulinganisela kakhulu).
Lezi zidakamizwa zibhekana ngokugcwele ne-cocci e-gram, ama microbacteria atypical kanye nezinye ukukhubazeka okubangelwa i-pertussis, i-bronchitis, i-pneumonia, i-sinusitis nezinye izifo eziningi. Muva nje, ukuphikisana kuye kwaqashwa (ama-microbes asetshenziswa futhi abesabi ama-antibiotic), kodwa ama-macrolides wesizukulwane esisha agcina umsebenzi wabo maqondana nezinambuzane eziningi.
Yiziphi izibalo eziphathekayo eziphathwayo?
Phakathi kwezibonakaliso zokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa izifo ezinjengalezi:
- Izifo zokuphefumula - i-diphtheria, ukukhwehlela okukhwehlelayo, i-pneumonia e-atypical, ukuqhuma kwe-bronchitis engapheli, isono esibi;
- ukutheleleka kwezicubu ezithambile, isikhumba - folliculitis, furunculosis, paronychia;
- ukutheleleka okudluliselwa ngocansi - chlamydia, i-syphilis;
- Izifo zomlomo - periostitis, periodontitis.
Okunye okufakwe emaceleni kwesizukulwane sakamuva ukwelapha i-toxoplasmosis, i-acne (ngesimo esibi), i-gastroenteritis, i-cryptosporidiosis nezinye izifo ezibangelwa izifo. I-antibiotics yeqembu lama-macrolide nayo isetshenziselwa i-prophylaxis - kumazinyo omzimba, i-rheumatology, emisebenzini emathunjini amakhulu.
Ukungahambisani nemiphumela emibi
Njengazo zonke izidakamizwa, ama-macrolides analo uhlu lwemiphumela engathandeki kanye nokuphikisana, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lolu hlu luyingcosana kakhulu kunelawo amanye ama-antibiotic. Ama-macrolide abhekwa njengabaningi abanobuthi futhi abaphephile phakathi kwemithi efanayo. Kodwa ezimweni ezingavamile kakhulu, ukusabela okungathandeki okulandelayo kungenzeka:
- ikhanda, isizungu, ukulahlekelwa ukuzwa;
- isicashu, isifo sohudo, ukuhlanza, ukunganakwa kwesisu;
- ukuqhuma, ukusikeka.
Ukulungiswa kweqembu lama-macrooids kuyaphikisana:
- abesifazane abakhulelwe nabancenga;
- izingane ezineminyaka engaphansi kwezinyanga eziyisithupha (ukusabela okungakafundiwe);
- Abantu abanokuzwela komuthi ngamunye.
Ngokunakekelwa kwezidakamizwa kufanele kuphathwe iziguli ezinezinambuzane ezingasebenzi kahle kanye nezinso zezinso.
Ziyini ama-macrolides?
Sichaza ama-macrolide awaziwayo kakhulu esizukulwaneni esisha, sincike ohlwini lwazo.
- Umvelo: oleandomycin, erythromycin, spiramycin, midecamycin, leucomycin, josamycin.
- Semisynthetic: i-roxithromycin, i-clarithromycin, i-dirithromycin, i-flurithromycin, i-azithromycin, i-rookitamycin.
Lezi zinto zisebenza emithini yama-antibiotic, amagama awo angase ahluke kumagama ama-macrolides. Isibonelo, ekulungiseleleni "i-Azitroks" into esebenzayo yi-macrolide-azithromycin, nakulo lotion "Zinerit" - erythromycin.