Ukusebenzisa leli gama kuye kwaba yamuva nje, futhi lesi senzakalo ngokwayo siye sabonwa kuzo zonke izikhathi zomlando. Mayelana naye wakhuluma uPlato, u-Aristotle noDemocritus, noG. Hegel baveza imibono yomphakathi echazwe. Ngekhulu lama-20, umqondo wakhe wezenhlalakahle wakhiwa, futhi kuze kube manje ososayensi abavela emazweni ahlukene bahlola ukuthi uyini, izindima nemisebenzi yakhe.
Uyini umbono womphakathi?
Ayikho incazelo ecacile yalo mqondo. Ngokwejwayelekile, zingabizwa ngokuthi isethi yezahlulelo ezakhiwe futhi zabelwana ngabantu abaningi. Isimo sombono womphakathi sasihlonishwa ngabantu bokuqala futhi basiza ukulawula impilo yezizwe. Izingxoxo mayelana nokuchazwa kwalo mqondo ziyaqhubeka, kodwa njalo ngonyaka kuba "ngokwentando yeningi", kubonisa izinqubo ezenzeka emphakathini. Kwaba ukubonakaliswa kokuziphatha kwezombusazwe kanye nendlela yokuthonya ezombusazwe.
Umbono womphakathi emphakathini
Kungumbuzo wokuqwashisa umphakathi, okuveza ngokucacile noma ngokucacile isimo sengqondo saso ezindabeni, izigameko kanye namaqiniso okuphila komphakathi, okubonisa isimo sobonke ngokubambisana ezindabeni ezithandekayo kubo bonke. Umbono womphakathi njengesimo senhlalo unemisebenzi eminingi:
- Ukulawulwa komphakathi . Umbono womphakathi ungabamba iqhaza noma unciphise ukuqaliswa kwezinqumo zikahulumeni.
- Okumangalisayo . Ngokuveza isikhundla esithile, umbono womphakathi ungabheka iziphathimandla zikahulumeni futhi uhlole imisebenzi yabo.
- Ukucebisa . Ngenxa yocwaningo olwenziwe ngabantu, kungenzeka ukuxazulula lokhu noma leyo nkinga, ukuphoqa abameleli bezombusazwe ukuba bathathe isinqumo esilinganiselwe.
- Isiqondiso . Ukubonakaliswa kwentando yabantu ekusebenzeni kwe-referenda.
Umbono womphakathi ekucwaningweni kwengqondo
Umbono womphakathi njengephepha le-litmus ubonisa iqiniso futhi ulihlolisise. Lesi yisigaba esithile sokuphila okungokomoya kwabantu, ngoba lapho beveza imibono yabo, bayavuma noma balahle okuthile noma othile. Ukwakhiwa kombono womphakathi kuholela ekuthuthukiseni ukuhlola okukodwa kanye nokuziphatha okuhambisana nalesi simo. Umphakathi uqukethe amaqembu nezinhlaka ezihlukahlukene kakhulu. Emindenini, ukuqoqwa kwemikhiqizo, izinhlangano zezemidlalo, umbono wangaphakathi ukhiwa, okungukuthi umbono womphakathi.
Kunzima kakhulu ukumhlangabeza, ngoba noma yikuphi umuntu ongakwazi ukuzivikela, ezungezwe izahlulelo ezimbi. Njengomkhuba wokubonisa, abantu abangu-10% abanamalungu afanayo afanele bonke abantu ukuba bajoyine. Umbono womphakathi udlala indima enkulu emiphakathini yabantu: inikeza ulwazi mayelana nezwe elizungezile, lisiza ukuvumelanisa nezici zomphakathi othile futhi kuthinta ulwazi lokugeleza.
Umbono womphakathi nokuqwashisa okukhulu
Lesi sikhungo senhlalakahle sakha amaphethini wokuziphatha, okuqondisa izenzo zabantu ngendlela evamile. Ngokuvamile, umuntu onombono wakhe, uyazinikela ngenxa yemibono yeningi. Ukuhlukaniswa kwemibono enjengokuziphatha kwabantu abaningi kanye nombono womphakathi kwachazwa ngu-Noel-Neumann, ngemuva kokuthola okuthiwa "ukuvutha kokuthula". Ngokusho kwalo mqondo, abantu abanesikhundla esivumelana nemibono yesimo sezenhlalo "bakhulunywa kahle." Abazwakali umbono wabo, besaba ukuhlala emncane.
Lo mlawuli wendawo yonke ukhona kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila komuntu - ezomnotho, ezomnotho, ezombusazwe. Kuyinto engacacile kunesikhungo sezenhlalakahle, ngoba ilawula ukuziphatha kwezihloko emphakathini ngokusebenzisa uhlelo lwezinqubo ezingahlelekile. Ukulinganisa umbono womphakathi, zonke izinhlobo ze-polls, imibuzo, njll zisetshenzisiwe. Okwamanje kuyisimo esingenakulinganiswa somphakathi wentando yeningi.
Umbono womphakathi wakhiwa kanjani?
Imfundo yakhe ivela ngaphansi kwethonya lezici ezihlukahlukene - amahemuhemu kanye nenhlebo, imibono, izinkolelo, izahlulelo, izinkolelo ezingalungile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi indaba yokuxoxisana ibe yinto ehambelana nenani elikhulu labantu futhi linikeze incazelo eguquguqukayo kanye nezilinganiso ezihlukahlukene. Labo abafisa ukwazi ukuthi umbono womphakathi wadalwa kufanele baphendule ukuthi kubaluleke kakhulu ukuthi babe nezinga elidingekayo lokukwazi ukuxoxa ngale nkinga. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ithonya le-Inthanethi embonweni womphakathi, umbuso, abezindaba, kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabantu.
Izindlela zokuxhaphaza umbono womphakathi
Izindlela ezinjalo zenzelwe ukunciphisa intando yezakhamuzi kanye nokuqondisa imibono yabo kanye nezinhloso zabo ngendlela efanele. Ukuqhutshwa kombono womphakathi kunikeza:
- Ukusikisela.
- Dlulisela ohlelweni jikelele lwesimo esithile.
- Amahemuhemu, umqondo, imininingwane engaqinisekisiwe.
- Ukusetshenziswa kwendlela ebizwa ngokuthi "izidumbu ezifile" kuyadingeka. Lena zombie ngokomzwelo usebenzisa isihloko socansi, ubudlova, ukubulala, njll.
- Ukuqhutshwa kombono womphakathi kuhlinzekela ukukhetha okuncane kokubi ezimbili.
- Ukuthula kolwazi olulodwa kanye ne-propaganda yomunye.
- Ukuhlukaniswa - ukwehlukana kolwazi zibe izingxenye ezihlukene.
- Indlela ye "Goebbels", lapho amanga anikwa khona iqiniso, ephindaphinda njalo.
- I-Mystification.
- I-Astroturfing. Ukuphathwa kokusebenza kwemibono yomphakathi ngosizo lwabantu abaqashwe ngokukhethekile.
Indima yenkulumo-mbumbulu ekwakheni umbono womphakathi
Izombangazwe akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwenkulumo-ze, ngoba yakha uhlelo lwezinkolelo zezombusazwe futhi iqondisa izenzo zabantu, ithuthukise engqondweni yabo imikhombandlela edingekayo. Inqubo yokwenza umbono womphakathi ihlose ukuhlanganisa imiqondo yezombusazwe yansuku zonke kanye nokubandakanya imibono edingekayo mayelana nezombangazwe. Ngenxa yalokho, umuntu ukhetha ngokuzenzakalelayo, "kumshini." Umthelela onjalo ufaneleke njengamabi uma uphazamisa izinkambiso zokuziphatha nezindinganiso, kubangele ukungezwani kwengqondo, kuphazamise amaqembu abantu.
Ithonya labezindaba embonweni womphakathi
Indlela eyinhloko yokuthonya abezindaba kubantu ihlehliswa. Kuhilela ukudala izinkolelo ezikhohlisayo - izinkolelo, izinkolelo, izindinganiso zokuziphatha, ezenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukusabela okulungile ngendlela yokwesaba , ukuzwelana, uthando, inzondo, njll. Imithombo yezindaba kanye nombono womphakathi zihlobene kakhulu, ngoba lowo owayengumdala angakha isithombe esingamanga sezwe esebenzisa amathuba okulawula futhi ufundise abantu ngokungenasisekelo ukuba babe nokholo konke abakhuluma ngakho kuthelevishini, emsakazweni, njll. Izinganekwane zisekelwe emibhalweni, futhi kuzo zonke izici ezisekelwe kulo.
Ithonya lombono womphakathi kubantu
Umbono womphakathi uletha "amalungu ahlanzekile" ngokuziphatha. Umbono womphakathi namahemuhemu bese ufaka izindlela ezithile zokuxhumana nabantu. Umuntu ufunda ukuthi unesibopho samagama nezenzo zakhe ngaphambi komphakathi. Ukubuza ukuthi umbono womphakathi uthinta kanjani umuntu okwamanje, kubalulekile ukuthi uqaphele ukuthi ufundisa futhi uphinde ufundise, uhlose amasiko nezimo zengqondo, amasiko, imikhuba. Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kuthinta abantu ngokungalungile, "ukucindezela," ukuphoqa ukuba baphile ngeso lokho abantu abakushoyo.
Ukwesaba umbono womphakathi
Wonke umuntu wesaba umbono womphakathi, esaba ukugxekwa, okuphazamisa isinyathelo sakhe, kugcizelela isifiso sokuqhubekela phambili, ukuthuthukisa nokukhula. Ukwesaba umbono womphakathi kunzima kakhulu ukucindezela, ngoba umuntu akakwazi ukuhlala ngaphandle komphakathi. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwemibono, amaphupho kanye nezifiso, impilo iba grey futhi iyathutha, futhi kwabanye abantu, imiphumela ingaba yingozi, ikakhulukazi uma abazali benakekela umbono wabantu futhi bavusa ingane ngomoya ofanayo. Ukwesaba ukugxekwa kwenza umuntu angafundi kahle, afuneke, abe namahloni futhi anganeliseki.
Ukuthembela embonweni womphakathi
Abantu abakhululekile ngokuphelele emibonweni yabanye abakwenzi. Ubuntu obaneleyo buthathwe kabi kuye, kodwa abantu abanokuningi kwezinkathazo nokuzithoba abahluphekile kunabanye. Labo abanesithakazelo sokuthi ubani oxhomeke kakhulu embonweni womphakathi angaphendula ukuthi banesizotha, abantu ababuthakathaka, abazilungiselela bona. Cishe, njengengane, abazali abazange bawadumise nhlobo, kodwa bahlale behlazeka futhi behlukumeza isithunzi sabo. Ukwesaba umbono womphakathi kuphakeme kuneqiniso, imigomo, umsebenzi, uthando.
Ungamisa kanjani ngokuya kombono womphakathi?
Akulula, kodwa konke kuyiqiniso uma kunesifiso. Labo abanesithakazelo sokuqeda umbono womphakathi, udinga nje ukuqonda ukuthi umuntu ngamunye uhlukile futhi akabuki njengomunye umuntu. Futhi namanje abantu abaningi bayayigxilisa kakhulu isithakazelo kumuntu wabo. Eqinisweni, abantu abavame ukulalela omunye umuntu. Akekho ofuna ukubukeka engacabangi, ononya, onobuwula noma engenzi lutho emehlweni abanye, kodwa ongenzi lutho akenzi amaphutha.
Umphakathi uzothola, ngoba yikuphi okugxeka noma yimuphi umuntu, kodwa uma ubeka ukugxeka okuhle, ungaba mahhala kakhulu. Ukugxeka kusiza ukukhula komuntu siqu , kunikeza ithuba lokuzithuthukisa wena. Ifundisa ukulalela nokuzwa, ukuthethelela, ukuqeda ukungafani okungafanele. Umuntu ngamunye ongaphelele futhi unelungelo lokwenza iphutha, udinga ukuzinikela ithuba lokwenza iphutha, kodwa hhayi ukuzibeka icala, kodwa ukusebenzisa ulwazi oluthole ukuqhubekela phambili phambili umgomo wakhe.