Emphakathini wanamuhla, umqondo wokukhulula usuwaziwa isikhathi eside futhi usetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko ngokubambisana nobufazi besifazane, kanti ububanzi bokusebenza kwesimo senhlalakahle yomphakathi kuthinta izinhlaka eziningi zokuphila emphakathini.
Emancipation - kuyini?
Incazelo yamaBoriginal yegama ngesiLatini. mancipatio - emthethweni wamaRoma ukukhululwa kwezingane (amadodana) kusuka kumphathi kayise noma ukugcinwa nokudlulisela komunye umbusi. Ngokwezincazelo zanamuhla, ukukhululwa kukhululeka ezinhlobonhlobo zokulutha, ukubandlulula, ukucindezelwa ngabanye, nokunikezwa kwamalungelo alinganayo emphakathini kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubulili kanye nobuzwe. Leligama lokukhululwa, libolekele izinsizakalo ezihlukahlukene zesayensi - kwengqondo, imiphakathi, umlando, ifilosofi, izakhiwo zomthetho-zomthetho. Kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwesicelo, ukukhululwa kubonakala ngemibono:
- ukuhlonishwa;
- ukuhlinzekwa;
- bathi amandla;
- inkululeko;
- imvume.
Izimpawu zokungena
Ngaso sonke isikhathi abantu baye bazama ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila, ukuziqaphela nokuqashelwa emphakathini. Ukususwa komuntu kubonisa ukuthi umuntu unephutha okuthile futhi umgomo wakhe ukuthola inkululeko noma amalungelo. Izimpawu zinemibandela yokukhululwa emphakathini:
- kuhlale kuyisenzakalo esihlangene;
- abamele inkululeko yokukhululwa bahlelwe ngokuvumelana nomphumela owodwa wokuziphatha (ukunyakaza kwabesifazane, imishado yabantu bobulili obufanayo, amalungelo amaJuda, njll);
- ukutholakala komgomo wokukhulula: ukuvikela inkululeko, ukwethula umthethosivivinywa wokucatshangelwa, ukuphuma ekuthumeleni komunye umuntu, ukulwa nokuhlukaniswa kwemibandela emphakathini.
Emancipation - kuyini?
Noma yisiphi isenzakalo esishintsha ubuso bomphakathi sonke sigcizelela imiphumela ethile engabonakali ngokushesha, kodwa emva kwesikhathi esithile. Yini eyenza ukukhululwa njengento ehlelwe emphakathini isikhathi eside? Ukumiswa kwemvelo kuyadingeka ukuze kube noshintsho kumkhakha wezenhlalakahle, nokuthola amandla. Iqembu labantu, ekulondeni ukuzimela kanye namalungelo abo, sebefeze imigomo yabo, baqala ukuphoqa imibono yabo kanye nokuthanda emphakathini wonke, ukuthatha isikhundla sokuphakama ngesikhathi esifanayo.
I-Emancipation - "for" futhi "ngokumelene"
Umqondo "wokukhululwa" uqukethe ukuphikisana okuningi. Isici esihle siseqinisweni sokuqashelwa ngumphakathi kanye nesimo salokho abahlanganyeli abakwenzayo balwa noma balwe. Isici esibi sitholakala emiphumeleni yokukhululwa esikhathini esizayo. Ayikho incazelo yegolide lapha. Ososayensi-mlando bezosayensi bezenhlalo bahlinzeka ngezibonelo ezimbalwa, lapho ukukhululwa kuvela khona ngokushesha kusuka ezinhlangothini ezimbili:
- Ukukhululwa kobulili kwaqala ngomzabalazo wamalungelo abantu abancane ngokocansi. Kuze kube manje, ubunikazi obusha obuhlanganisiwe bobulili buvele buvele - indoda engahlanganyeli nezinto ezithandwayo ezithandwayo ngesisekelo sobulili, okungekho kuye, futhi yena ngokwakhe akayena indoda noma owesifazane.
- Ukunyakaza komuntu: ukulingana namadoda kuzo zonke izigaba kuye kwaholela abesifazane ukuba "babantu."
- Isizwe esasivame ukucindezelwa ngaphambili, sesisungulwe ngamalungelo ayo, siqala ukudlala izinzuzo nezimpumelelo zenye isizwe njengelinganayo. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona ukulahlekelwa kobufakazi bomuntu kanye namasiko, nokubeka ukuphakama komuntu.
Ukumelana nokuzibandakanya nobufazi - yini umehluko?
Indima yabesifazane emphakathini, kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, iye yahlulwa futhi yavalwa emndenini: umfazi, umama noma isigqila, inceku. Abesifazane abanelungelo lokuvota - uma ubuyela emuva emakhulwini eminyaka bese ubuza amadoda, bayodangala. Namuhla, emazweni amaningi, abesifazane abakhulu bayakhululekile ukukhetha: umsebenzi, umshado, inkolo. Ukwehlukaniswa kwemvelo nokuzibandakanya kwabesifazane kuyisimo esivumelana eduze, umehluko phakathi kwabo wukuthi ubufazi buwumkhuba womphakathi oholwa abesifazane, nokukhululwa kuyinkqubo ehilela umzabalazo wabesifazane ngokulingana namadoda.
Ukunciphisa izingane
Izwe lomphakathi osemusha liye lashintsha eminyakeni eyishumi edlule. Isimo senhlalakahle sinikeza izinzuzo nezindinganiso eziningi futhi nsuku zonke kuyinto entsha. I-psychology ye-teenager (iningi ngokuvamile insizwa) yenzelwe ukuthi idinga ukuthola igunya phakathi kwabanontanga, ngoba lokhu kuyadingeka ukuqala ukuthola nokuthola into enhle futhi ebalulekile. Kuyini ukukhululwa kwabantwana? Emkhakheni wezomthetho, lo mqondo ubonisa amandla okugcwele esakhamuzi somphakathi esifinyelele eminyakeni yobudala engu-16 futhi senziwa ngemvume yabazali:
- lapho engena kwinkontileka yomsebenzi / inkontileka phakathi kwentsha nomqashi;
- inhlangano yemisebenzi yebhizinisi;
- ukungena kwengane kumshado womthetho.
I-Emancipation yabesifazane
Emphakathini wanamuhla, abesifazane baye bafinyelela ezikhundleni eziphakeme, ngenxa yokuthi emakhulwini eminyaka edlule banquma ukujoyina imizamo yabo ekusekeleni ilungelo lokusebenzisa impilo yabo ngesisekelo sokuzikhethela. Ukukhululwa kwabafazi kuyinkqubo eyenziwe ngokumelene nokwahlukana kwamagagasi ambalwa omlando wesifazane, ngenxa yalokho abesifazane abathola amalungelo afanayo namadoda:
- khetha imfundo;
- ukhethwe ezithombeni zamandla ezombusazwe nezomphakathi;
- ukushada noma ukuhola " indlela yokuphila " njengomuntu;
- ukhipha isisu ngaphandle kwemvume yomndeni;
- thola inkokhelo elinganayo;
- Ukwenza imisebenzi yomsebenzi emisebenzini ebeyibhekwa njengelungelo lomuntu.
I-Orthodoxy mayelana nokukhululwa kwabesifazane
Inkinga yokukhululwa kwabafazi kuyindaba ebalulekile yokholo, amaHeroschemoni Valentin Gurevich abheka. Isimo esingokomoya sowesifazane yisigxila sokuziphatha kwabantu. ISonto Lama-Orthodox lithatha ukukhululwa kube yisitha sezinga elifanayo nomlingisi wenyoka owadukisa u-Eva ngesithelo 'sobwazi' - esedlile lokho, umuntu uyoba njengoNkulunkulu. Owesimanje wesimanje ufana nobulili obuqinile. Inkinga ebaluleke kunazo zonke yokukhulula kuyisongo sokunyamalala kwesikhungo sendabuko somndeni. Imfundiso yenkolo ibona kulokho inkohlakalo nokuziphatha komphakathi.
Emancipation - amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Umuntu uhlale efuna izimo ezingcono, ukuphepha, ukuqashelwa. Abantu, ukuhlanganisa ngamaqembu ngokubuka , imiqondo nokuvikela amalungelo abo kuthinta umphakathi, izwe kanye nephasiwedi yonke. Kuyini umphumela wokukhululwa, esimweni ngasinye esithile, ukuhlaziywa kuyadingeka emva kwesikhathi lapho kungenzeka khona ukuhlola izimo "eziwusizo" nethi "ohlangothini". Amaqiniso anentshisekelo ahlobene nokukhululwa:
- Ngaphambi kokukhululwa komntwana osemusha, okwaqala ngekhulu le-XIX. futhi baphishekela umgomo wokukhulula izingane emsebenzini owenziwe ngokweqile ngesisekelo esifanayo nabantu abadala.
- Ngokumelene nokukhululwa kwabesifazane ngesisekelo sezinhlelo ezimbalwa zemfundo yabantu, izibalo zibonisa izibalo ezivela ku 42% kuya ku-45%. Ubulili obuqinile bakholelwa ukuthi ukulingana kudala umonakalo emndenini wendabuko.
- Izazi zezenkolo zikholelwa ukuthi ukukhululwa kobulili obuthakathaka kuye kwabangela ukususwa komthwalo wemfanelo we "getter" emadodeni kanye nesifiso sokunakekela owesifazane.
- Igama elithi "ukukhululwa" lisetshenziselwa emkhakheni womculo: ingxabano (umsindo ongenamahloni) ukhululiwe esidingweni sokuqeda ukuzwakala (ukuzwakala okuhambisanayo).