Ubuntu ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kuye kwadlula izinyathelo eziningi, futhi uma ekuqaleni kwemigwaqo yonke imithetho yezwe yachazwa kumbono wamaqaba, wasezulwini, khona-ke ngokuthuthukiswa kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, izithakazelo ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo zavela kuqala. I-Positivism ixhunyaniswe nalesi simo.
Kuyini impendulo?
Lokhu kuyimvelo evamile yamasiko aseNtshonalanga, okwakungena esikhundleni se-feudal futhi kwaba umphumela wenqubo yokwakhiwa komphakathi we-capitalist. I-positivism iyisiqondiso esiphika ifilosofi futhi sisekelwe ekubambeni ukuthi konke okwenziwe yisintu namuhla kungukufaneleka kwesayensi. Umoya we-positivism uletha ushintsho ebukhosini obuningi bokuziphatha : konke okungokomoya, okuvela kuNkulunkulu kumuntu esikhundleni sendawo. Inkolo, ifilosofi nezinye izimfundiso ezingabonakali zahlukunyezwa futhi zagxeka, futhi impumelelo yemithi, ulwazi lwezemvelo, njll, yanikezwa isayensi yangempela.
Positivism ngefilosofi
Efilosofi, lo mkhuba waguquka ngawo-1830 kanti usaqhubeka nokuthonya kwawo, njengoba unqobe izigaba ezintathu zokuthuthukiswa kwawo:
- i-postitivism ye-classic;
- u-empirio-ukugxekwa;
- i-neopositivism.
I-Positivism ngefilosofi yisayensi esekelwe ezimisweni ezimbili. Okokuqala ukuqashelwa kwanoma yiluphi ulwazi lwangempela oluhle njengesihlobo, kanti okwesibili kuhilela uhlelo lokuhleleka nokuhlelwa kwamaqiniso esayensi anqwabelene futhi aboniswe ngokufingqiwe. Okubaluleke kakhulu kokuzibonela ukuhlola, ukuhlola nokulinganisa, ngokusekelwe emithethweni emisiwe yemvelo, ulwazi lomuntu ngaye, okungukuthi, ngamaqiniso athile.
I-Positivism ye-Sociology
Umsunguli walesi siqondiso, u-O. Comte, wacabangela isayensi yezenhlalakahle eziyisisekelo futhi ukholelwa ukuthi, kanye nezinye izinselelo ezinhle, ucela kuphela amaqiniso athile. I-positivism yezenhlalakahle yafunda umthetho ngokubambisana nezinye izenzakalo zomphakathi futhi incike emiphakathini yezenhlalakahle ezenzakalelayo ngezinhlobo zayo ezingokwengqondo nezingokwemvelo. UComte wayekholelwa ukuthi isimo kufanele sithembele kwisayensi. Wanikeza igunya emphakathini izazi zefilosofi, amandla kanye nezinto ezibonakalayo ezazinikezwa izindleko zezimali, futhi i-proletariat kufanele isebenze.
I-Positivism ku-Psychology
Isiqondiso socwaningo oluhle sasiba nengxenye ebalulekile emlandweni wezokwelapha. Ngifisa ukwazi ukuthi yikuphi okushiwo yi-positivism, kubalulekile ukuthi uphendule ukuthi ngenxa yalokho, "ukuziqhenya" kuye kwanda kakhulu. Ngokwezesayensi yemvelo, ingqondo yezemvelo ihamba endleleni yayo, incike ekucabangeni kwemimoya. Kusukela ekuhlanganiseni kwefilosofi, liphenduka isayensi ezizimele kanye nokuqondiswa kwayo kwesayensi yemvelo, izindlela nezengqondo. Ebusweni kwakukhona intuthuko ebonakalayo yolwazi lwangempela mayelana nezimo zokuphila komphefumulo nokuthembela kwabo ezinkambisweni zomzimba zemvelo.
I-positivism - inzuzo nokuqhafaza
Isidingo sokuvela kwale mfundiso yefilosofi, eyayihlanganisa izindlela ezinengqondo nezomqondo ohlelweni olulodwa lwezesayensi, lwaluvele lukhona, futhi izinzuzo zalo ezingenasisekelo zihlanganisa:
- Ukuzimela ngokuzimela nokuzimela kwesayensi evuthiwe kusuka kwifilosofi.
- I-positivism yanamuhla ihlinzekela ukuqondiswa kwanoma iyiphi ifilosofi kwisayensi yangempela.
- Ukwahlukahluka phakathi kwefilosofi yesilasi kanye namaqiniso wesayensi ekhonkolo.
Kusuka kumaminithi angabonakala:
- Ukuntuleka kobufakazi bokuthi ifilosofi yesilasi njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni nasekuthuthukiseni isiko akusizi ngalutho, futhi izinsizakalo zayo zengqondo ziphelile.
- Umqondo we-positivism awuqondi ngokuphelele. Abasunguli bayo bafuna ukunciphisa konke ulwazi oluthile, kuyilapho isici sekhwalithi yolwazi lwezesayensi esithathwa njengeziqhathaniswa ngokuqhathaniswa nokuhlangenwe nakho okubhaliwe kanye nendima enzima yocwaningo lwesayensi ekutheni kusetshenziswe amandla kanye nesakhiwo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uhlobo lwolwazi lwezibalo aluchazwiswanga kahle, ukungaqiniseki kwezesayensi kuyenzeka, njalonjalo.
Izinhlobo ze-positivism
Ubuhlobo phakathi kwemibono efana ne-postitivism ne-postpositivism kulandelwa. Lokhu kwavela njengesenzo esibucayi ekuqinisekiseni isimo esihle. Abalandeli bakhe bahlanganyela ekutadisheni ukuthuthukiswa kolwazi lwesayensi kanye nesizathu sokusebenzisana kwayo. Abalandeli bakaCotte basePostitivist yiK. Popper noT. Kuhn. Babekholelwa ukuthi iqiniso lembono kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwalo akuhlobene neze, futhi incazelo yesayensi ayiphikisi ulimi lwayo. Umlandeli we-positivist walesi simo asithinteli izingxenye zesayensi yefilosofi nezenkolo ezingenasayensi.