Inqubo yokukhulumisana, empeleni, ihlala impilo yethu yonke, ngoba, njengabantu bezenhlalo, ngaphandle kokuxhumana, asikwazanga ukuhlela okungenani uhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi. Lesi senzakalo sasikhathalela, kokubili izazi zefilosofi zezwe lasendulo, nezangokwengqondo zanamuhla. Kuze kube manje, akukho ukuhlukaniswa okukodwa kwesakhiwo senqubo yokukhulumisana phakathi kwabantu kanye nokuxhumana, kepha sizohlanganisa izinhlobo ezivame kakhulu.
Ukuxhumana kwahlukaniswa isakhiwo ukuze sikwazi ukuhlaziywa kwesici ngasinye, futhi siwuhlanhlise.
Esikhathini isakhiwo, imisebenzi kanye nezindlela zokuxhumana, izinqubo ezintathu ezihlukene zihlukaniswa:
- ulwazi lokuxhumana - ukuxhumana;
- ukushintshaniswa kwemisebenzi - ukuxhumana;
- Umbono womlingani - umbono wezenhlalo.
Ezingqondweni, lokho okushiwo yizinqubo kubhekwa njengendlela yokuxhumana phakathi komuntu ngamunye nomphakathi, kuyilapho inhlalakahle ibheka ukusetshenziswa kwezokuxhumana emisebenzini yomphakathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngezinye izikhathi abacwaningi benza ezintathu kwisakhiwo sengqondo semisebenzi yokuxhumana:
- ulwazi nokuxhumana;
- ukulawula nokuxhumana;
- ukukhathazeka-ukuxhumana.
Yiqiniso, ngenkathi yokuxhumana, yonke le misebenzi ihlobene kakhulu futhi ihlukanise kuphela ukuhlaziywa kanye nesistimu yocwaningo lokuhlola.
Izinga lokuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo sokuxhumana
Isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo soSoviet uBoris Lomov, ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, sathola amazinga amathathu ayisisekelo okuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo sokuxhumana kwenkulumo, esasetshenziselwa nokusebenza kwengqondo:
- macrolevel. Ukutadisha leli zinga kusho ukuhlaziywa kwentuthuko yengqondo yobuntu, phezu kwesikhathi esithile. Ubuhlobo phakathi komuntu nabanye abantu kanye namaqembu ezenhlalakahle kufundiswa.
- mesa level. Kulelizinga, isakhiwo sokukhulumisana kubhekwa njengezimo zokuxhumana ezigcwalisiwe, ezingashintsha, futhi lapho umuntu ethola khona ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukugcizelela ekuhlaziyweni kwezinga le-mesa kwenziwa ngezingqinamba, izinyathelo, izindlela zokukhuluma nezethulo zokukhulumisana, kanye nezinhlaka zokuqukethwe zezimo lapho inqubo yokuxhumana iqhutshwa khona ("ngenjongo yanini", "kungani", njll);
- I-microlevel ibonisa ukuhlaziywa kwamayunithi okuxhumana okuqala, kubhekwa njengokusebenzisana okuthile kwezenzo zokuziphatha ("umbuzo-impendulo", kanye nesimo sengqondo yezihloko zokukhulumisana nolwazi olutholiwe).
Umsunguli we-psychology social B. I-Parygin ibhekwa njengendlela yokukhulumisana njengobudlelwane phakathi kwezici ezimbili eziyinhloko: okunenjongo (ukuxhumana ngokuqondile) nokuhlelekile (ukuxhumana nokuqukethwe kanye nefomu).
Esinye isazi sokusebenza kwengqondo soSoviet u-A. Bodalev sahlukanisa izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko phakathi kwezinhlobo nezakhiwo zokuxhumana:
- I-Gnostic. Lokhu kubhekisela ohlangothini lokucabangela lokuxhumana;
- isithintelo - isici somzwelo;
- okusebenzayo - isakhi esisebenzayo.
Ukuxhumana, njengendlela yokudlulisa ulwazi nokuphazanyiswa kwezihloko zokuxhumana, kungabuye kuboniswe ngezici zayo ezizimele:
- inhloso;
- okuqukethwe;
- izindlela zokuxhumana;
- abahlanganyeli enkulumweni yokuxhumana;
- uhlobo lokuxhumana phakathi kwezihloko zokuxhumana;
- amathuba okukhulumisana abahlanganyeli enkulumweni yokuxhumana;
- izici zobulili zokuxhumana;
- isitayela namasu okuxhumana;
- umphumela wokuphela kwenqubo yokuxhumana.
Ukuhlukaniswa okunjalo kwesakhiwo sokuxhumana, kubalulekile ukulalela indima yemvelo lapho kukhulunywa khona ukuxhumana:
Ekuphetheni, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi inqubo yokuxhumana iphelele ngokuhlanganiswa okuhambelana nezici ezimbili ezihlobene ngokubambisana: zangaphandle (ukuziphatha), kubonakaliswe ezenzakalweni zokuxhumana zabaxhumanisi, kanye nokuzikhethela kokuziphatha kanye nokungaphakathi (okubaluleka kokuqukethwe kokuxhumana), okuvezwa izibonakaliso zomlomo nezingaqondile.