Umqondo we-oligopoly uvela kumaGreki, okusho ukuthi "eziningana" futhi "uthengise" ekuhumusheni. Umnotho onjalo wemakethe uveza ukuncintisana okungaphelele. Ilawulwa amafemu amaningana. Ama-Oligopolists nawo amncintisana nabalingani abangabambisani.
I-Oligopoly - iyini?
Inani elithile labathengi bemikhiqizo ethile banecebo labo futhi bacabangele izenzo zabathintekayo abasemakethe. I-Oligopoly uhlobo lomnotho wemakethe lapho izinkampani ezinkulu eziningana zikhiqiza futhi zithengise umkhiqizo othize. Lolu hlobo lomsebenzi wokukhiqiza lunencazelo "yemakethe yabambalwa." Isakhiwo se-oligopoly ngokuvamile sihlanganisa nabakhiqizi abangu-3-10, okwanelisa ubuningi besidingo emakethe. Ukuvela kwezinkampani ezintsha kunzima noma akunakwenzeka ngokuphelele.
Umehluko phakathi kwe-monopoly ne-oligopoly
Kwezimboni ezithile, umsebenzi womunye oyedwa usebenza kakhulu. Inkinga yezomnotho ibonisa isikali esibonisa ukukhula komkhiqizo. Inkampani enjalo iyona yedwa futhi iba ngumthengisi kuphela emakethe yokuthengisa. I-Oligopoly ibonakala ngokunikezwa kwempahla evela kubakhiqizi abaningana. Bangakwazi ukukhiqiza imikhiqizo ehlukene.
I-monopoly ne-oligopoly inezimakethe zayo. Ama-monopolists enza imikhiqizo eyingqayizivele. Ukuba yedwa umkhiqizi, angavumela ukusetha amanani aphezulu kakhulu. Ama-Oligopolists ancike ngokuqondile kumncintiswaneni, lolu daba luqapha futhi aluvamile ukubuyekezwa ngamanani. Umbuzo wemikhiqizo eshibhile unciphisa ukwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obuphambili.
Izizathu zokuba khona kwe-oligopoly
Umnotho wamazwe amaningi ubhekene nokukhiqizwa nokukhangiswa kwemikhiqizo eminingi emakethe, eyenziwa ngamafemu amaningana. Ngamunye wabo ubathonya amanani emakethe ngezinyathelo zawo, okuyinto enquma ukuthi yi-oligopoly. Isikhundla esiphakeme ezimbonini eziningi singabakhiqizi abaningana abakhulu. I-Oligopoly emnothweni wemakethe ezimweni ezinjalo kuthiwa yi "Big Six". Abanabo ubuholi bokukhiqiza nokukhangisa kwezimoto, insimbi, imishini kagesi. Phakathi kwezizathu eziyinhloko zokuba khona kwe-oligopoly yilezi:
- izinga lemikhiqizo - isidingo samakhasimende sidlula ikhono lobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza inkampani eyodwa;
- izindaba zezezimali - izindleko zokukhuthazwa komkhiqizo;
- izivimbelo ekuhlanganiseni izinkampani ezikhona - ukulawula phezu kokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswayo, ilungelo lokubhalisa i-patent.
Izimpawu ze-oligopoly
Amafemu amakhulu ancintisana phakathi kwabo emakethe yabathengi. Izici ze-oligopoly zikhawulela ukungena kwamafemu amasha. Isithiyo esikhulu yi-capital enkulu yokutshalwa kwezimali okudingekayo ekukhiqizeni okukhulu. Inombolo encane yezinkampani emakethe ayivumeli ukuphakamisa umncintiswano ngokunciphisa amanani, okuyinto ethinta kakhulu inzuzo. Ngakho-ke, izindlela eziphumelelayo zokulwa komncintiswano ziyasetshenziswa - lokhu kuyikhwalithi, ukuphakama kwezobuchwepheshe, isikhathi sewaranti somkhiqizo, imigomo yokukhokha.
Ngokususelwa kulezi zithole, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izici eziyinhloko ze-oligopoly:
- inamba encane yezinkampani inikeza wonke amakhasimende;
- umkhawulo obalulekile wokungena kwamafemu amasha emakethe yokuthengisa;
- ukuxhasana kwamafemu embonini eyodwa, ukunciphisa intengo kanye nomthamo wokukhiqiza.
I-Oligopoly - izinzuzo nezindleko
Isakhiwo ngasinye samakethe sinezici zayo ezinhle futhi ezimbi. Ukungahleleki kwe-oligopoly kunquma:
- ukuhlanganiswa kwabameleli benkampani, okuthinta amanani kanye nezinga lokusebenzisa;
- izindleko zomthethonqubo we-antimonopoly;
- ukuqhuma okungenzeka kwemikhiqizo.
Izinzuzo ze-oligopoly zichazwe kulokhu okulandelayo:
- hhayi amanani aphakeme kakhulu;
- izinga elihle lezimpahla - ukwesaba ukuncintisana, abakhiqizi bayakunakekela ngokufanele;
- ukutholakala kolwazi mayelana nomkhiqizo ngenxa yokukhangisa okubanzi.
Izinhlobo ze-oligopoly
I-oligopoly ihlanganisa amabhizinisi amaningana amakhulu. Bamele yonke imboni emakethe yokuthengisa. Kunezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-oligopoly, phakathi kwazo okukhona okulandelayo:
- imikhiqizo efanayo - imikhiqizo eqinisekisiwe ikhiqizwa ngamabhizinisi amaningana; ayihlukanisi ngebanga, umkhiqizo, uhlobo (utshwala, usimende, ushukela);
- ukuhlukaniswa - amabhizinisi akhiqiza imikhiqizo yomkhakha owodwa, kodwa ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo, izinhlobo, imikhiqizo (iziphuzo, izimoto, imikhiqizo kagwayi);
- imfihlo - isivumelwano phakathi kwamakhanda amabhizinisi ngokuhlukaniswa kwemithombo yokuhlinzeka ngezinto zokusetshenziswa ukuze uthole inzuzo enkulu;
- ukubusa - umkhiqizi oyinhloko unamasheya angama-70% emakethe, konke okunye kuphethwe ezinye izinkampani;
- i-duopoly - abakhiqizi ababili banikeza imikhiqizo emakethe.
Ukuhlanganiswa okuyimfihlo emakethe ye-oligopoly
Ukuncintisana emakethe kungaholela ekuhlanganyeleni okuyimfihlo. Lesi sivumelwano, esiphethwe phakathi kwamafemu omkhakha owodwa ekusungulweni kwamanani ahleliwe emikhiqizo kanye nevolumu yokukhiqiza. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezinjalo, i-firm iqondanisa amanani uma ehliswa noma ekhuphuka. Amabhizinisi akhiqiza imikhiqizo ehambisanayo azoba nezindleko ezifanayo. Ezimweni ezinjalo, umqondo we-oligopoly uba yinto engafanele, inkampani iziphatha njengomuntu oyedwa. Lesi sivumelwano sibhekwa ngokungemthetho ezimbonini eziningi.
Izibonelo ze-oligopoly emhlabeni
Imboni ye-oligopolism ihlanganisa abakhiqizi abaningi. Izibonelo zayo zingasebenza njengendlela yokukhiqiza ubhiya, amakhompiyutha, insimbi. ERussia zonke izikweletu zilawulwa ngamabhange ayisithupha amakhulu kunawo wonke. Ezinye izibonelo ze-oligopoly zihlanganisa ukukhiqizwa kwezimoto, phakathi kwazo yizimpawu ezaziwa kakhulu "BMW" ne "Mercedes", indiza yezindiza "Boeing", "Airbus".
I-Oligopol yase-US yahlukanisa imakethe ehamba phambili ehamba phambili yaba amafemu amane amakhulu, kanye nokwakhiwa kwezindiza kanye nokukhiqizwa okuyisisekelo se-aluminium. Izinkampani ezingu-5 zihlanganyela 90% wokukhiqizwa kwemishini yokuwasha, amafriji, ugwayi kanye nobhiya. EJalimane nase-United Kingdom, u-94% wemboni kagwayi uveza abakhiqizi abathathu. EFrance, 100% yazo zonke ugwayi neziqandisini ezandleni zezinkampani ezintathu ezinkulu.
Imiphumela ye-oligopoly
Isimo sengqondo esibi emiphumeleni ye-oligopoly emnothweni isalokhu ingalungile. Ezweni lanamuhla, abantu abaningi bafuna ukukhokhela abantu abavamile, okubangela ukungathembeki kwabo bonke abanenzuzo. Kodwa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo emikhulu embonini owodwa kuyadingeka ekuthuthukiseni umnotho. Lokhu kungenxa yomsebenzi omkhulu, okuthinta izindleko. Amafemu amancane, awakhona unomphela.
Ukukhiqizwa okukhulu, okukhiqiza amanani amakhulu, kusindisa ubuchwepheshe obusha. Uma ubala ukuthuthukiswa kwemithi emisha, uthola isibalo esimangalisayo - ama-dollar ayizigidi ezingama-610. Kodwa izindleko ziya eminyakeni lapho izofakwa ekukhiqizeni. Izindleko zingafakwa ezindlekweni, ezingeke zithinte kakhulu intengo yayo. I-Oligopoly emnothweni iyithuluzi elinamandla ekuthuthukiseni inqubekela phambili yesayensi nezobuchwepheshe, okufanele yinikezwe isiqondiso esifanele. Imiphumela ye-oligopoly inegalelo elihle ekukhuleni kwesilinganiso nokukhuliswa kwemikhiqizo.
Izincwadi ze-Oligopoly
Izinhlinzeko ezintsha zivela njalo ezimakethe. Inzuzo ephakeme idonsela abancintisana. Banqoba izithiyo futhi bangene embonini. Ukulawula imakethe ye-oligopoly iba nzima ngokwesikhathi. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe obusha, ukonga ukwanda, kukhona okunye okushiwo imikhiqizo ethile. Abakhiqizi bahlale bebhekene nenkinga yesikhashana noma eside eside inzuzo ekhulayo. Amanani afinyelele ezingeni lamabhizinisi okuzimela, ukwandisa izimali, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukusabela emakethe kuyanda. Lezi zinkinga zibonakala ezincwadini:
- "Izimiso zezibalo zombono wezomnotho" uConotot Augustin (1838). Kule ncwadi, umnotho wezezimali waseFrance wabonakalisa ucwaningo lwakhe ngezinkinga ezihlobene nenkinga yamanani emakethe yokuncintisana emakethe.
- "Umcabango wezomnotho ngokuphindaphindiwe" uMark Blaug. Inguqulo yesine yencwadi ibhekwa njengeyodwa yohlu lwayo emlandweni womcabango wezomnotho.
- "Izombangazwe eziyishumi ezivela eMarx kuya ku Keynes" uJoseph Schumpeter. Le ncwadi ayisebenzisi nje kuphela njengethuluzi lwabachwepheshe, kodwa nayo ibonakala ngabaningi bebafundi.