Ukwakhiwa nokuthuthukiswa kobuntu

I-Psychology ihlukanisa izindlela eziningi zokutadisha imiqondo eyisisekelo, imithetho yokwakheka, ukuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye. Kubalulekile ukuphawula lapha ukuthi umehluko omkhulu ekuqondeni ukuthi yikuphi okushukumisela amandla okugqugquzela ekuthuthukiseni, yimuphi umthelela wezwe elizungezile ekubunjweni.

Ithiyori ngayinye ephathelene nokusebenza kwengqondo ihamba ngendlela yayo eyinhloko mayelana nokwakheka nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kobuntu: Ngakho-ke, inkolelo yezimfanelo zithi yonke into idalwe ngenkathi yonke imisebenzi yokuphila, futhi izici zobuntu ziguqulwa ngokusho kwemithetho engeyona yemvelo.

Izimfundiso ze-Psychoanalytic zikholelwa ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kufanele kuthathwe njengendlela yokuguquguquka kwemvelo yomuntu ngamunye ekusebenzisaneni nomphakathi, ngenkathi ethuthukisa izindlela zokuhlangabezana nezifiso zomuntu siqu ezichazwa yi "super-I" (ngamanye amazwi, iziqondiso zokuziphatha zomuntu ngamunye).

Inkolelo yokufunda kwezenhlalo ibona kulolu hlelo lokusebenza lwezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuxhumana phakathi komuntu ngamunye. I-Humanistic ithatha ukwakheka nokuthuthukiswa kobuntu njengenqubo yokuziqhayisa.

Imithetho yokwakheka nokuthuthukiswa kobuntu ku-psychology yanamuhla

Abacwaningi basemhlabeni wonke bacabangela lolu daba kusuka emazingeni ahlukene. Uqinisile lo mkhuba ekuhloliseni ngobuntu obuhlanganisiwe, obuphelele. Lo mqondo uhlola izinyathelo zokuthuthukiswa komuntu siqu kusukela ekubukeni kokuguqulwa kwamanye amazwe ohlangothini ngalunye. Into eyinhloko emcimbini wokuhlanganiswa yiyona mbono yengqondo ka-Erickson.

I-psychoanalyst yahambisana nesimiso esibizwa ngokuthi i-epigenetic (empilweni yabo bonke abantu kunezigaba ezithile, ezilungiselelwe izakhi zofuzo, lapho ubuntu obudlula khona kusukela ekuzalweni kuze kube sekupheleni). Ngokusho kwezimfundiso zakhe, ukwakheka komuntu kuye kwenziwa inqubo enkulu. Isigaba ngasinye sibonakala ngoshintsho ekuthuthukiseni kwangaphakathi kwezwe lomuntu, ubuhlobo bakhe nabanye.

U-Erickson wenza isandla esikhulu ekutadisheni izici zokwakheka nokuthuthukiswa kobuntu, lapho efumene, echaza izikhathi eziyinhloko zezinkinga nezinyathelo zokuthuthukiswa komuntu ngamunye.

Izimpikiswano Zokuphila

U-Erickson wayekholelwa ukuthi izinkinga zempilo yengqondo zihlangene ekuphileni komunye wethu:

1. Unyaka wokuqala kuyinkinga yokuhlangana nomhlaba omusha.
2. Iminyaka engu-2-3 - isikhathi somzabalazo wokuzimela nokuhlazeka.
3. Iminyaka engu-3-7 - isinyathelo sokulwa ngomuzwa wecala.
4. Iminyaka engu-7-13 - ukuphikisana nesifiso somsebenzi kanye nokunciphisa ubunzima.
5. Iminyaka engu-13-18 - ukuphikisana kokuzikhethela njengomuntu oyedwa futhi oyimpunga.
6. Iminyaka engu-20 - ukuxhumano, ukusondelana nokuhlukaniswa kwangaphakathi.
7. Iminyaka engama-30-60 - isifiso sokufundisa isizukulwane esincane, hhayi ukuvala ngaphakathi kwakho.
8. Eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-60 - ukwaneliseka, ukuzwakalisa impilo yakho ngokuphambene nokwehliswa.

Izinyathelo zokuthuthukiswa nokwakheka

1. Isigaba sokuqala (unyaka wokuqala wokuphila): kunesifiso sokuxhumana nabantu, noma ukukhipha emphakathini nabo.
2. Isigaba sesibili (eminyakeni 2-3): ukuzimela, ukuzethemba.
3. Okwesithathu, okwesine (iminyaka engu-3-6 no-7-13): ilukuluku, ukukhuthaza, isifiso sokuhlola umhlaba ozungezile, ukuthuthukiswa kokubili kwamakhono okuxhumana nokuqonda.
4. Isigaba sesishiyagalombili (iminyaka engu-13-20): ubulili kanye nokuzikhethela impilo.
5. Isithupha (iminyaka engu-20-50): ukwaneliseka ngeqiniso, imfundo yesizukulwane esizayo.
6. Kwesikhombisa (iminyaka engu-50-60): impilo egcwele, yokudala, ukuziqhenya ezinganeni zabo.
7. Eyesishiyagalombili (engaphezu kweminyaka engama-60): ikhono lokukwamukela imicabango mayelana nokufa, ukuhlaziywa kwezimpumelelo zomuntu siqu, isikhathi sokuhlola izenzo, izinqumo zesikhathi esidlule.