Yini ehlinzeka ilungelo lesinye isizwe ukuziphakamisa phezu komunye nokuhlonipha isithunzi namalungelo? Ukubandlululwa, njengengqikithi yesikhathi esedlule, kusalondolozwe kwamanye amazwe futhi kungagcini kuphela ekuhlukaneni phakathi kwezizwe, kodwa futhi kukhona empeleni emphakathini ezindaweni ezahlukene: ezombusazwe, inkolo, imibono.
Ukubandlululwa - kuyini?
Ukubandlululwa kuyindlela yokucwaswa ngokobuhlanga, ehlanganisa ukuhlukaniswa kweqembu elithile labantu ngenkani ngokwezenzo zenhlanga noma zenkolo. Umlando omude wokubunjwa kwesintu ugcwele ukwehliswa kwabantu abathile ngabanye, ngokuvamile ngenxa yokwehluka kombala wesikhumba nendlela yokuphila namasiko. Kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo, abantu abanombala wesikhumba esimhlophe bacabanga ukuthi babusa phezu kwezizwe zombala. Ukwakhiwa kolwandle kwamazwe aseNdiya, e-Afrika naseNyakatho Melika kuwubufakazi balokhu.
Isibonelo sokuhlukaniswa okunjalo ubandlululo - inqubomgomo yokubandlululwa kwezinhlanga zabantu baseBantu eRiphabhliki yaseNingizimu Afrika yaba khona ngokusemthethweni kuze kube ngo-1994. Okuyinhloko yokwehlukaniswa kwaba kanje:
- ukuhlala okuhlukile kweBantu ngokubhuka okuqinisekisiwe;
- ukunqotshwa kwamalungelo omphakathi;
- izinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha;
- ukuhamba ngokubhuka kuphela izimvume ezikhethekile, okwakunzima ukuthola;
- ukusebenza komhlobo oluthile lomsebenzi;
- ahlukene: izithuthi zomphakathi, izibhedlela, izikole, amanyuvesi.
Ukubandlululwa Kwama Psychology
Ukubandlululwa kwengqondo - lezi ziyizinkolelo ezithile ezisekelwe ebuhlotsheni phakathi kwabantu, lapho umuntu ebona omunye umuntu emgodini wokufakelwa okuvame ukungalungi, okwakhiwa emphakathini onikeziwe: isimo, inkolo, njll. I-Psychological Social ihlola ubuhle bokuhlukana, okubonakala ngokucacile emvelweni osemusha lapho kunezigaba "zaba ngabanye" kanye "nabanye" nayo yonke intsha ukuba ibe "eyakhe" iqalwe futhi iphoqelelwe ukuba ilalele imithetho yeqembu uma ingafuni ukuba yinkinga.
Izinhlobo zokuhlukana
I-Ethnos ehlala eplanethi yoMhlaba ibonakala ngezici zabo ezihlukile futhi ezihlukile nezici - konke lokhu kunikeza ukunambitheka okuyingqayizivele, imvelo ithanda ukuhlukahluka. Kodwa ngesizathu esithile, ngokuzumayo, ngokusho kwalezi zibonakaliso ezihlukahlukene, kunokuhlukana hhayi kuphela phakathi kwezizwe, kodwa nasemphakathini wonke. Ukubandlululwa kuqala ukuthonya izintambo ezihlukahlukene zomphakathi.
Amafomu okuhlukaniswa:
- amasiko;
- Ubulili;
- i-anthropological;
- i-caste (isigaba);
- uchwepheshe;
- isimo (senhlalo).
Ukuhlukaniswa komphakathi
Ukuhlukaniswa kusho ukuthini emphakathini? Ukuhlukaniswa kwezenhlalakahle kuhlukaniswe okwenziwe (de facto), okuvela ngokuzenzekelayo, ngokwakho enkambisweni yentuthuko yezenhlalakahle, kanye nezomthetho (de jure) - ngokomthetho yiziphathimandla: ukuvinjelwa kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zamalungelo omphakathi. Izibonelo zokubandlululwa kwezomthetho ezikhona ngosuku lwethu:
- Ukubandlululwa kwezakhamuzi eCuba - izakhamuzi zendawo azivunyelwe ukusebenzisa zonke izinhlobo zezinsizakalo ezenzelwe izivakashi kuphela.
- Ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu abahlala emaphandleni ku-PRC - izakhamizi zasemaphandleni abanalo ilungelo lokuthuthela emadolobheni.
Ukuhlukaniswa kohlanga
Ukubandlululwa okumnyama kukhona e-US iminyaka engaphezu kwamakhulu amabili, kepha empeleni isikhathi eside futhi singalandelwa ezikoleni zemfundo. Inhlangano ye-Ku Klux Klan enhle kakhulu ye-ultra-right yakhula ngo-1860. futhi ubeke phambili imibono yokuphakama kwabamhlophe phezu kwamnyama - abhekane ngokungafanele nabamnyama. Ezinye izibonelo zokucwaswa ngokobuhlanga:
- ukuvinjelwa kwemishado ehlanganisiwe phakathi kwamaMelika namaJapane;
- cishe kuphele ukuqothulwa kwamaNdiya eNyakatho Melika nokuthunjwa kwamazwe abo ekhulwini le-XIX.
Ukuhlukaniswa kobulili
Ingane ifunda, iveza isikhala esiseduze, ixhumana nabameleli bobulili obuhlukile. Isikhala semidlalo sichaza ngokucacile imidlalo kubafana: amathangi, ukudubula, ukugijima namantombazane: isitolo, indodakazi-omama, izandla zobuciko. Ukuhlukaniswa ngokobulili kuhlukaniswa ngamaqembu ngokusho kobulili obuphilayo, ubunikazi bezengqondo. Ngokuvamile kukhona into lapho umfana nentombazane bengabangane futhi bakhetha ukuba nokuzijabulisa okuhlangene - lokhu kubangela impendulo engalungile kwezinye izingane kanye nkulumo ethi "umakoti nomkhwenyana!" Izwakala njengento yokuthuka.
Lapho usukhulile, ukwehlukaniswa ngokobulili kubonakala kuzilungiselelo:
- phakathi kwendoda nowesifazane wesifazane nobuhlobo nokuthembela ubudlelwane akunakwenzeka, kukhona njalo ukubhekwa ngokocansi;
- izikhundla eziphezulu ezombusazwe kanye nezomnotho zixhomeke kubantu kuphela.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwamasiko
Isiko lamazwe ahlukene namaqembu ahlukene, okwakhiwa ngaphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka, yisizinda somphakathi kanye nokwehlukana kwamasiko namuhla kuyinkqubo ehlanganiswa eyathonya ikusasa futhi ivumela ukuthi kugcinwe amasiko namasiko amazwe ngendlela engashintshi, yendabuko. Ukubandlulula emasikweni kwenziwa ngokuzihlukanisa, isikhundla esihlukile kanye nokuzimela, kuboniswa ukungabikho kokufaniswa (ukuxhaswa ngumkhuba womunye u-ethnos) nokubekezelelana kwamanye amasiko "ebangeni".
Ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi
Ukucwaswa kobuchwepheshe ukulingana nokungalingani emakethe yezabasebenzi kanye nemisebenzi ehlobene eduze nokuhlukaniswa ngokobulili. Ngokomlando, abesifazane bebelokhu besengozini kakhulu kunezocansi ezinamandla, ezibagqugquzela ukulwa namalungelo abo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zokuhlukaniswa komsebenzi:
- Ukulinganisa - zonke izisebenzi zihlukaniswe ngokuthi "owesilisa" nethi "owesifazane", okubangelwa izindima zobulili . Owesifazane ufana nomhlengikazi, unina, umama womkhaya, umpheki, uthisha, unobhala. Indoda ingudokotela, isikhulu, ososayensi-academician, umhlaziyi wezezimali. Owesifazane kufanele asebenze izikhathi eziningana ngokuphumelelayo ukuze afinyelele impumelelo kumsebenzi "wesilisa".
- Ukuhlukaniswa okuqondile ukutholakala okuphansi kwemisebenzi ehloniphekile nehloniphekile yabesifazane emikhakha yezombusazwe, umnotho, ibhizinisi. Ukuze kucaciswe, imiqondo elandelayo isetshenziswa:
- "Ugwayi lweglasi" - izinga elithile emsebenzini, okungaphezu kwalokho kunzima ukukhula;
- "Ubulili obuqinile" - ukuthambekela kwabesifazane ukuba bahlale isikhathi eside ekuqaliseni izikhundla noma ezikhundleni ezingahambisani nazo.
Izimbangela zokuhlukana
Izinkinga zokubandlulula emphakathini wanamuhla okhulayo ubaluleke kakhulu kunanini ngaphambili. Kungani ukubandlululwa kukhona okungafani, kunezincazelo eziningi zalolu hlobo nolunye uhlobo lokuhlukana lunemvelaphi yalo. Izizathu zokuhlukana:
- Ukucwaswa kwabantu - ukungesabi okungaziwa komuntu ongaziwayo, ngokungafani nanoma ubani omunye, kunganciphisa ukucwasana ngokobuhlanga nokuziphatha.
- Amaphethini kanye nemibono emphakathini - ehlelwe ngaphezu kwamakhulu eminyaka ekufakweni engqondweni, ephazamisa ukucabanga ngendlela ehlukile, ngendlela entsha. Isici sokuhlukana ngokobulili nokuhlalisana kwabantu.
- Izizathu zomuntu womphakathi oyedwa, ngokusekelwe ku-egocentrism, imizwa yokuphakama. Abantu abanjalo baba abagqugquzeli bezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamaqembu futhi bafaka isandla ekwenzeni ukuhlukana emphakathini.