Isifo senkinga, lapho isintu sathinteka khona eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-1 500 eyedlule, ngaphambili kwadala ukuqubuka okukhulu kokufiphala, ukuthatha amashumi namakhulu ezigidi zabantu. Umlando akwazi ukutheleleka okungenangqondo nokubhubhisa, futhi kuze kube manje, naphezu kokuthuthukiswa kwemithi, kwakungenakwenzeka ngokuphelele ukubhekana nayo.
Iyini inkinga?
Isifo siyisifo kubantu, okuyinto engokwemvelo engokwemvelo, ezimweni eziningi iphetha emphumela obulalayo. Lokhu kuyisifo esithathelwanayo kakhulu, futhi ukutholakala kwayo kuyinto yonke. Ngemuva kwesifo esidlulisiwe nesiphulukisiwe, ukuzivikela okuqinile kungakhiwa, okungukuthi, kukhona ingozi yokutheleleka kabusha (kodwa okwesibili lesi sifo sinokulula).
Imvelaphi eqondile yegama lesi sifo ayitholakali, kanti igama elithi "isifo" ekuhunyushweni okuvela eTurkey lisho ukuthi "nxazonke, i-cone", kusukela ngesiGreki - "shaft", kusuka eLatin - "hit, wound". Emithonjeni yesayensi yasendulo nanamuhla, umuntu angathola incazelo enjalo njengesifo se-bubonic isifo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi esinye sezibonakaliso ezihlukanisayo zesifo yi-bubo - ukuvuvukala nxazonke endaweni ye- lymph node evulekile. Kulesi simo, kunezinye izinhlobo zokutheleleka, ngaphandle kokubunjwa kwama-buboes.
Isifo yilona i-agent causative
Sekuyisikhathi eside kungacacisi ukuthi yini ebangele isifo se-bubonic, i-agent causative yafunyanwa futhi yahlotshaniswa nesifo kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX. Zaba yi-bacterium negative kusukela emndenini we-enterobacteria - i-plaque (Yersinia pestis). I-pathogen ifundwa kahle, i-subspecies yayo eminingana ibonakalisiwe futhi izici ezilandelayo zenziwa:
- ingaba nefomu ehlukile - kusuka ku-filiform kuya enhlobonhlobo;
- ukulondolozwa kwesikhathi eside sokuphila kwabantu abagulayo abahlukene;
- ukubekezeleleka okuhle kwamazinga aphansi okushisa;
- ukuzwela okukhulu kuma-disinfectants, ukukhanya kwelanga, ukusabela kwe-asidi yemvelo, ukushisa okuphezulu;
- iqukethe izakhiwo ezingaba ngu-30 zama-antigenic, ifihla ukuphela kwe-endo- and exotoxins.
Ukuhlukunyezwa - izindlela zokungena kwamabhaktheriya emzimbeni womuntu
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi lesi sifo sithunyelwa kanjani kumuntu ngamunye, nakwezinye izidalwa eziphilayo. I-Plagiarum ijikeleza ngezinhlobo zemvelo ezithathelwanayo ezitholakala ezilwaneni zasendle, ezibandakanya amagundane asendle (emhlabathini, ama-groundhogs, ama-voles), amagundane abomvu namnyama, amagundane endlu, amakati, ama-lagiformes, amakamela. Abathwali (abasabalalisi) bama-pathogens yizinhlobo zezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene nezinhlobo eziningana zemikhaza ephuza igazi enegciwane lesandulela ngculaza lapho londliwa izilwane ezigulayo ezinezifo egazini.
Ukuhlukanisa ukudluliselwa kwe-pathogen ngokusebenzisa i-fleas eziphatheni zezilwane kubantu nakumuntu ngamunye. Sichaza izindlela ezikhona zokungena enkingeni emzimbeni womuntu:
- Ukudluliselwa kalula - ukungena egazini ngemuva kokulunywa kwesinambuzane esinegciwane.
- Oxhumene naye - oxhumana nomuntu onesikhumba noma embranini yamangqamuzana we-microtrauma, enezidumbu zezilwane ezithathelwanayo (isibonelo, lapho usika izidumbu, ukucubungula izikhumba).
- Ukwehliswa - ngokusebenzisa i-mucosa yepheshana lomzimba lapho udla inyama yezilwane ezigulayo ezingakaze zithole ukwelashwa okwanele, noma ezinye imikhiqizo ye-seeded.
- Xhumana nomndeni - ekuthinteni komuntu ogulayo, uxhumane neziqu zakhe eziphilayo, usebenzisa izitsha, izinto zokuhlanzeka kanye nokunye okunjalo.
- I-aerosol isuka kumuntu kuya komuntu ngokusebenzisa izinambuzane ezimangcwabeni zendlela yokuphefumula lapho ekhwehlela, eqaqa, ingxoxo eseduze.
Inhlupho - izimpawu zabantu
Ukusuka endaweni yokungeniswa kwe-pathogen kuxhomeke kuhlobo luni lwesifo oluyokhula, ngokulimala yiziphi izitho, yiziphi izibonakaliso. Izinhlobo ezilandelayo eziyisisekelo zesifo sabantu zimelelekile:
- i-bubonic;
- i-pulmonary;
- i-septic;
- emathunjini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlobo ezinjalo ezingavamile zokukhubazeka njengesikhumba, ama-pharyngeal, meningeal, asymptomatic, avortive. Isifo sesifo sinezinkathi zokufakelwa kwezinsuku ezintathu kuya kwezingu-6, ngezinye izikhathi ezinsukwini ezingu-1-2 (ngefomu eliyinhloko le-pulmonary noma septic) noma izinsuku ezingu-7-9 (ezigulini ezigonywe noma ezigulayo). Ngoba zonke izinhlobo zibhekene nokuqala okungazelelwe, izimpawu ezinzima nokudakwa, kubonakala kulokhu okulandelayo:
- ukushisa komzimba okuphakeme;
- izikhukhula;
- ikhanda;
- ubuhlungu be-musculo-articular;
- isicasuli;
- ukuhlanza;
- ubuthakathaka obuqinile.
Njengoba lesi sifo siphuthuka, ukubonakala kwesiguli kuyashintsha: ubuso buba yisithukuthezi, i-hypermic, abamhlophe bamehlo baphenduka obomvu, izindebe nolimi zimile, imibala ebumnyama ivela ngaphansi kwamehlo, ubuso bubonisa ukwesaba, ukwesaba ("isifo sofuba"). Esikhathini esizayo, isiguli siyaphazanyiswa ukuqonda, inkulumo ingabe ingekho emthethweni, ukuxhunyaniswa kwezinyathelo kuphazamiseka, ukukhohliswa nokucubungula kubonakala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilonda ezithile zikhula, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwesifo.
Isifo se-Bubonic - izimpawu
Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi isifo se-bubonic yisifo esivame kakhulu kunazo zonke ezivela kuma-80% alabo abathintekile ngokufaka i-pathogen nge-membrane nezikhumba. Kulesi simo, ukutheleleka kusakazeka ohlelweni lwe-lymphatic, okwenza kube khona umonakalo kuma-lymph node angasebenzi, ezimweni ezingavamile - i-axillary noma yomlomo wesibeletho. Ama-buboes akhiqiza angashadile futhi amaningi, ubukhulu bawo buhlukahluka kusuka ku-3 kuya ku-10 cm, futhi ekuthuthukiseni kwabo bavame ukuhamba ngezigaba eziningana:
- ukwandisa, ukuqina nobunzima be-lymph nodes - ezinsukwini ezimbalwa emva kokuqala kokudakwa kwesibindi (kulesifo sengculazi esesithombeni esigulini esinama-buboes angama-inguinal);
- Ukunciphisa i-bubo - ngosuku lwesine lesi sifo;
- ukuxubana okuzenzakalelayo, ukwakheka kwesilonda noma indawo ye-necrosis - ngosuku lweshumi lwenhlupho.
Isifo sepulmonary
Leli fomu litholakala ku-5-10% weziguli, ngesifo sofuba esisathuthuka ngemuva kokutheleleka kwe-aerogenic (primary) noma njengenkinga yefomu ye-bubonic (yesibili). Lezi yizona ezihlukahlukene eziyingozi kakhulu, kanti izibonakaliso ezithile zesifo esiyinkinga kubantu kulokhu kuphawulwe cishe ngosuku olungu-2-3, ngemuva kokuqala kwezimpawu zokudakwa ezinzima. I-agent ye-causative ithinta izindonga ze-alveoli ye-pulmonary, okwenza izehlakalo ze-necrotic. Ukubonakaliswa okuhlukile:
- ukuphefumula ngokushesha, ukuphefumula;
- ukukhwehlela;
- ukukhulelwa kwesisu - okokuqala okweqile, okusobala, ke-nge-veins yegazi;
- ubuhlungu esifubeni;
- i-tachycardia;
- wehlisa umfutho wegazi.
Ifomu le-Septic yesifo
Ifomu eliyisisekelo-septic lesi sifo, esiqala lapho umthamo omkhulu we-microbes ungena egazini, akuvamile, kodwa kunzima kakhulu. Izimpawu ezidakayo zivela ukukhanya ngokushesha, njengoba i-pathogen isakazeka kuzo zonke izitho. Kuneziqu eziningi ezikhukhunjini esikhumbeni nasezicubu ezinamaqabunga, conjunctiva, emathunjini nasezintweni zokuphuma kwegazi, ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kokushaqeka okubhebhethekayo . Ngezinye izikhathi leli fomu liqhubeka njengenkinga yesibili yezinye izinhlobo zezinhlupho, ezibonakaliswa ngokubunjwa kwama-buboes wesibili.
Ifomu lezinambuzane zesifo
Akuzona zonke izazi ezihlukanisa ukuhlukumeza kwamathumbu ngokuhlukana, ukuphatha njengenye yezinkomba zefomu le-septic. Lapho isifo sobuthakathaka senza izibonakaliso zesifo kubantu abahlukunyezwe ngokudakwa nokuphelelwa komkhuhlane, okulandelayo kubhaliwe:
- ubuhlungu besisu;
- ukuhlanza kwegazi okuningi;
- isifo sohudo esinama-mucocutaneous stools;
- isisindo esibuhlungu sokususa amathumbu.
Inhlupho - Ukuxilongwa
Indima ebalulekile edlalwa ukuxilongwa kwe-"plague" yokuhlola i-laboratory, eyenziwa yizi zindlela ezilandelayo:
- i-serological;
- i-bacteriological;
- microscopic.
Ukuze ucwaningo uthathe igazi, phuma kusuka ku-buboes, izilonda ezihlukanisiwe, i-phlegm, i-oropharynx ehlukanisiwe, uhlanza. Ukuhlola ukutholakala kwe-pathogen, indaba ekhethiwe ingakhula kumaphephandaba akhethekile okondla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-X ray ye-lymph nodes namaphaphu ayenziwa. Kubalulekile ukusungula iqiniso lokulunywa kwezidakamizwa, ukuxhumana nezilwane ezigulayo noma abantu, vakashela izindawo eziphilayo ngenxa yesifo.
Inhlupho - ukwelashwa
Uma kutholakala ukuthi i-pathology noma i-diagnostic, isiguli siyiswa esibhedlela esiphuthumayo ebhokisini elingenalutho, okuvela kuyo lapho kuphuma khona umoya. Ukwelashwa kwesifo esiyinkinga kubantu kusekelwe emisebenzini enjalo:
- ukwamukela ama-antibiotic, kuye ngokuthi uhlobo lwesifo ( Levomycetin , Tetracycline, Streptomycin);
- i-detoxication therapy (Albumin, i-Reopoliglyukin, i-Gemodez);
- ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukucwiliswa kwemithi nokulungisa (Trental, Solcoseryl , Pikamilon);
- i-antipyretic kanye ne-symptomatic therapy;
- ukwelashwa kwesondlo (amavithamini, izidakamizwa zenhliziyo);
- i-plasmapheresis - ene-lesion septic.
Ngesikhathi somkhuhlane isiguli kumele sithobele ukuphumula kombhede. Ukwelashwa kwama-antibiotic kwenziwa ngezinsuku ezingu-7-14, emva kwalokho izifundo zokulawulwa kwezinto eziphilayo zinikezwa. Isiguli sikhishwa ngemuva kokuthola okuphelele, njengoba kuboniswe ukuthola umphumela omubi kathathu. Impumelelo yokwelapha incike ekutheni ukutholakala kwesifo kufike isikhathi.
Izinyathelo zokuvimbela isifo emzimbeni womuntu
Ukuvimbela ukusabalala kokutheleleka, izinyathelo zokuvimbela ezingezona ezithize zenziwa, kubandakanya:
- ukuhlaziywa kolwazi mayelana nesifo sofuba emazweni ahlukene;
- ukuhlonza, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nokwelashwa kwabantu abanezinsolo zokusola;
- Ukukhipha ukushisa kwezokuthutha okuvela ezifundeni ezingasebenzi uma kuqhathaniswa nesifo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi uhlale uqhutshwa ngokwemvelo yesifo: kucatshangelwa inani lamagundane asendle, ukucwaninga ukuba bathole amagciwane okubulala, ukubhubhisa abantu abanegciwane, ukulwa nezinhlanzi. Ekuqapheleni ngisho nesiguli esisodwa ekuhlaleni, izinyathelo ezinjalo zokulwa nezifo zenziwa:
- ukufakwa kokuhlukanisa nokuvinjelwa kokungena nokuphuma kwabantu izinsuku eziningana;
- ukuhlukaniswa kwabantu ababenokuxhumana neziguli zesifo;
- ukuchithwa kwe-disinfection e-foci yesifo.
Abantu abathintana nesifo esibuhlungu, ngezinhloso zokuvimbela, bahlinzekwe nge-anti-sulfus serum ngokuhambisana nama-antibiotics. Ukugonywa ngokumelene nenhlupho kumuntu ophikisana nesifo somzimba kufakwa ezimweni ezinjalo:
- uma ku-foci yemvelo yokutheleleka noma ekuphumeni okuzayo endaweni engasebenzi;
- emsebenzini, ehambisana nokutholakala kwemithombo yokutheleleka;
- lapho kunesakazeka esikhulu sokutheleleka phakathi kwezilwane endaweni eziseduze.
Izibalo zokuhlukunyezwa
Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwemithi nokugcinwa kwezinyathelo zokuzivikela zangaphakathi, isifo sofuba asivamile ukugijima. Ezikhathini zasendulo, lapho kungekho mithi eyakhiwe yilezi zifo, ukufa kwaba amaphesenti angaba yikhulu. Manje lezi zibalo azidluli ku-5-10%. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, bangaki abantu abafa ngenxa yesifo kulo mhlaba ezikhathini zamuva, abakwazi ukukhathazeka.
Inhlupho emlandweni wesintu
Isifo esivela emlandweni wesintu sashiya umkhondo owonayo. Okusakazeka kakhulu yizifo eziwumshayabhuqe:
- "I-Justinian Plague" (551-580 gg.), Okuqala eGibhithe, lapho abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 bafa khona;
- isifo "sokufa okumnyama" (i-XIV leminyaka) eYurophu, senyuka e-East China, esaba abantu abayizigidi ezingu-40;
- isifo eRussia (1654-1655 gg.) - abangaba ngu-700 000 abafa;
- isifo eMarseilles (1720-1722) - kwafa abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu;
- isifo sosizi (ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX) e-Asia - abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-5 bafa.
Inhlupho ezinsukwini zethu
Inkinga ye-bubonic namuhla ivela kuwo wonke amazwekazi, ngaphandle kwe-Australia ne-Antarctica. Esikhathini kusukela ngo-2010 kuya ku-2015, izigameko ezingaphezu kuka-3 000 zalesi sifo zitholwe, ngomphumela obulalayo wabonakala ku-584 one-HIV. Amacala amaningi abhaliswe eMadagascar (ngaphezu kwama-2 000). I-foci yenkinga iye yaphawulwa emazweni afana neBolivia, i-USA, iPeru, iKyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, eRussia nabanye. Ukuphela kwezindawo zezifo zaseRussia kukhona: i-Altai, i-Urals e-Eastern, i-Stavropol, i-Transbaikalia, i-Caspian.