Ukwenyuka kuyinkulumo yesayensi ebanzi kakhulu. Uma sibheka ngokuqondile ekuqalisweni kwesikhathi kwefilosofi, khona-ke ingabonakaliswa njengendlela yokwaziswa, okuvela kulowo othi kuya ku-jikelele. Ukucabanga okungahambi kahle kuxhuma imicimbi kanye nomphumela wabo, besebenzisa imiyalo ye-logic kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinye izethulo zangempela. Isisekelo esiyinhloko kunazo zonke zokuba khona kwale ndlela ukuxhumeka kwendawo yonke yemvelo emvelweni.
Ngokokuqala ngqa, uSocrates wathi mayelana nokuqalwa, futhi naphezu kokuthi incazelo yasendulo ayifani ngokufana nesikhathi samanje, isikhathi sokubukeka kwayo kubhekwa iminyaka engu-400 ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu.
Indlela yokufaka inkulumo ibeka phambili ukuthola incazelo ejwayelekile yomqondo ngokuqhathanisa amacala athile ngaphandle kokungamanga noma okuncane kakhulu kuncazelo yencazelo. Omunye umcwaningi odumile wesikhathi esidala u-Aristotle wachazwa ngokunyuka njengokwenyuka kusuka ekuqondeni okuqotho kuye jikelele.
I-theory yokufakelwa kwe-Bacon
Esikhathini sokuvuselela, ukubuka ngale ndlela kwaqala ukushintsha. Wanconywa njengendlela engokwemvelo futhi enhle ngokuphambene nalokho okwakuthandwa ngaleso sikhathi indlela ye-syllogistic. UFrancis Bacon, uvame ukubhekwa njengokhokho wenkolelo yesimanje ye-induction, naphezu kokuthi ngeke kube yinto engafanele ukukhuluma ngomuntu owandulelayo, uLeonard da da Vinci odumile. Okubalulekile kokubukwa kukaBacon ngokungeniswa kwaba yikuphi ukukhiqiza, kubalulekile ukunamathela kuyo yonke imithetho.
Indlela yokuthuthukisa induction?
Kubalulekile ukwenza izibuyekezo ezintathu zokubonakaliswa kwanoma yiziphi izakhiwo ezithile zezinto ezihlukahlukene.
- Ukubuyekezwa kwamacala amahle.
- Ukubuyekeza kwamacala amabi.
- Ukubuyekezwa kwamacala lapho lezi zakhiwo zizibonakalisa khona ngezigaba ezahlukene.
Futhi kuphela lapho ungafaka khona lokho.
Ukukhishwa kwengqondo
Leli gama lingabuyekezwa ngokuthi - isiphakamiso somuntu oyedwa kwesinye sezikhundla zabo zokubuka umhlaba, okubandakanya ukuma kwezimiso, izifiso, izinkolelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbono wezwe ongenqatshelwe ungaba ojwayelekile noma we-psychopathological.
Indlela yokufakelwa okugqugquzelayo yindlela eyasungulwa isazi sengqondo esidumile saseBelgium uJoseph Nutten. Kwenzeka ngezigaba eziningana.
- Esigabeni sokuqala, ngokuqedela iziphakamiso ezingapheli, izingcingo eziyinhloko zesisusa somuntu siqu ziyabonakala.
- Esigabeni sesibili, lowo muntu uyamenywa ukuba ahlele zonke izingxenye ezishukumisayo kumgqa wesikhathi.
I-Nutten iphinde ihlonze izigaba eziyinhloko zezici ezishukumisayo azibhekise kuzo:
- ukumelelwa komuntu mayelana naye noma isici somuntu ngale ndaba;
- ukuthuthukiswa kobuntu;
- imisebenzi ehlose ukuthola umphumela oyifunayo, noma ngamanye amazwi, umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe;
- ukuxhumana nabantu;
- umsebenzi wokucabangela;
- izingxenye zenkolo:
- ukutholakala kwempahla;
- izindlela zokuzilibazisa, imidlalo.
Inkinga yokungeniswa kusukela ekubukeni kwefilosofi yasungulwa phakathi nekhulu le-XVIII. Wayehlotshaniswa nobuntu obudumile njengoDavid Hume noThomas Hobbes, yibo abababuza iqiniso le ndlela. Umqondo wabo oyinhloko kwakuwukuthi - kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isisekelo semiphumela yezenzakalo zangaphambilini, kungenzeka ukwazi ukwahlulela imiphumela yomcimbi ozokwenzeka esikhathini esizayo. Isibonelo salokhu singasebenza njengesitatimende - bonke abantu banomusa, ngoba ngaphambili sasihlangane kuphela. Ukwamukela indlela yokufakelwa njengendlela yangempela yokucabanga noma cha, lokhu kuyindaba eyimfihlo kubo bonke abantu, kodwa kunikezwe le nkathi ende yokuphila, kufanele uvume ukuthi kukhona okusanhlamvu okuyiqiniso kulo.