I-Mycobacterium isifo sofuba emithini yezokwelapha nayo yaziwa njengenduku kaKoch. Lawa angama-microorganisms we-pathogenic. Ibhethri inkulu ngobukhulu futhi inomumo ohlangene, inegobolondo elincane elincane. Ekuhunyushweni okuvela esiGrekini, "myco" lisho "amakhowe", okubonisa ukuthi kufana nentambo kaKoch ku-mycelium. Lezi zincane ezincane zithinta kakhulu.
Izinhlobo ze-Mycobacterium sifo
Wonke ama-microorganisms alaleli qembu angahlukaniswa ngengozi kubantu futhi ngokomzimba i-pathogenic. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-bacterium, okuyi-agent causative yesifo sofuba, ingahlelwa ngezigaba ezithile. Ukuhlukahluka kwenziwa ngokwezinto ezilandelayo:
- izinga lokukhula;
- ukushisa okuphelele kokuthuthukiswa;
- ikhono le-bacillus kuya ku-pigment.
Wonke ama-mycobacteria isifo sofuba abumbene eqenjini elilodwa elikhulu, okuthiwa i-M. TB. Abamele bayo:
- M. africanum;
- M. microti;
- M. canettii;
- M. bovis BCG;
- M. sargaye;
- M. pinnipedii njalo njalo.
Ama-bacteria asele abhekwa njengeqembu elingahlosiwe. Lokhu kufaka phakathi ezincane ezincane:
- M. intracellulare;
- M. terrae;
- M. scrofulaceum;
- M. chelonae;
- M. fortuitum;
- M. leprae njalo njalo.
I-Mycobacteria isusa ukuthuthukiswa kwesifo sofuba. Kuyingozi. Amaqembu alandelayo we-mycobacteria yesifo sofuba avela:
- I-Photochromogenic - abameleli balezi zinhlobo ebumnyameni abanemibala, kodwa uma befika ekukhanyeni bathola umbala okhanyayo we-orange. Ukushisa okunenzuzo ye-bacillus ukuthuthukiswa yi-32 ° С.
- I-Skotochromogenic - la ma-microorganisms akhiwa ebumnyameni, ngoba amagama abo kanye nezilimi zabo zesiGreki ahunyushwa "ubumnyama". Izinga lokukhula lihluka kusukela ezinsukwini ezingama-30 kuya kwezingu-60. Uma i-bacillus enjalo ingena emzimbeni womntwana omdala noma ophelile, uhlelo lwe-lymphatic luyathinteka.
- I-Neofrochromogenic - abamele leli qembu cishe ababalabala, kodwa uma befika ekukhanyeni bathola umbala ophuzi ophuzi. Ubude bentuthuko ngamaviki amabili kuya kwangu-4.
- Ukukhula okusheshayo - abameleli baleli qembu bangabonakali futhi bangahlotshisiwe. Ukuthuthukiswa kwabo kuqhubeka ngesivinini esisheshayo. Kusukela ngesikhathi sokubunjwa kuya kwesigaba se-microorganism esesimweni esidlule sidlula izinsuku ezingu-7 kuya kwezingu-10.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Mycobacterium isifo sofuba
Izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuxilonga zingasetshenziswa ukuthola lesi sifo. Izinqubo ze-hardware ezikhethiwe futhi zisebenzise ukuhlola kwe-laboratory. Okokuqala kufaka izindlela ezinjalo zokuxilongwa:
- I-Fluorography - ikuvumela ukuba uthole imiphumela emaminithini;
- I-X-ray - izithombe zenziwa ngendlela eqondayo futhi ehlangene;
- I-tomography ehlanganisiwe yindlela enenjongo kakhulu (inikeza umphumela onembile kakhulu).
Izindlela zokuxilonga ze-Laboratory zifaka:
- ukuhlaziywa kwesihlungi kwi-mycobacterium isifo sofuba;
- chain polymerase ukusabela indlela;
- ukuhlaziywa okujwayelekile kwegazi nomchamo;
- i-smear microscopy;
- i-test immunosorbent ehlobene ne-enzyme evumela ukuthi ukutholakala kwama-antibodies ku-mycobacteria yesifo sofuba;
- izicubu ze-biopsy.
Isivivinyo segazi se-mycobacterium sifo
Lokhu kuhlolwa kuhilela ukuhlonza ukuphendula kwamagciwane kanye ne-enzymatic. Ngesikhathi sokuqala, ama-antigens ahilelekile - ama-molecule athatha ulwazi mayelana neseli ethile. Uma amasosha omzimba engaqapheli "ikhodi" eyimfihlakalo, ibonisa "i-alamu". I-antibody ibophezela ku-antigen "yangaphandle" futhi ibulale ukuxhumana kwayo neseli. Ukuphendula okwenziwe nge-enzymatic kwenzeka lapho into eyodwa iguqulwa ibe yinye.
Ngenxa yalezi zinqubo eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezenzeka emangqamuzaneni omzimba, ama-antibodies kuya ku-mycobacteria yesifo sofuba anqunywa. Lokhu kuhlaziywa kwenziwa ngesisu esingenalutho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinsuku ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuqaliswa kwayo, isiguli kufanele sishiye ukudla okuthosiwe nokudla okunamafutha. I-fluid yezinto eziphilayo iqoqwe uhlelo lokuphumula.
Emuntwini onempilo, amasosha omzimba angamaqembu G no-M ngeke abe khona egazini. Ukuthola lezi zinto kubonisa ukuba khona kokutheleleka emaphashini. Kodwa-ke, ukutholakala okukodwa kwala ma antibodies akunikezi ithuba lokunikeza ukuxilongwa okungenakuqondakala. Ukuze uqinisekise isiguli, i-smear microscopy ne-fluorography noma i-X-ray ingahle ibekwe.
Ukuhlolwa kwe-sputum ye-mycobacterium isifo sofuba
Ukwenza lokhu kuhlaziywa, isitsha esiyinyumba sisetshenziswa. Masinyane ngaphambi kokuba iqoqo le-sputum lenziwe kwi-mycobacterium isifo sofuba, isiguli kufanele siqhube amazinyo. Uma lokhu kungenziwanga, imiphumela iyohlanekezwa yizinyunyana ezincane eziyingozi emgodini womlomo. I-sputum kwi-mycobacterium isifo sofuba ingcono ekuseni - emva kokulala ubusuku. Ukhahlela emgodini oyinyumba, okumele ukuthi uvaliwe ngokushesha.
Gcina imfihlo endaweni emnyama nepholile. Isikhathi esiphezulu kusukela ngesikhathi sokuqoqa isikhuphuka esifundweni kungamahora amabili. Iyenziwa yizindlela ezilandelayo:
- i-bacterioscopic;
- i-bacteriological.
Indlela yokuqala ihilela ukusetshenziswa kwe-microscope. Ngendlela yesibili, isifundo senziwa kanje:
- I-sputum ihlanjululwe nge-"reagent" ekhethekile.
- I-tube ithunyelwa eyunithi, edala izimo ezikhethekile zokukhula kwama-bacteria.
- I-carbon dioxide esanda kusungulwa ihlangene nedayi.
- Izinga le-fluorescence lihlulelwa ngohlobo lwama-microorganisms kwisampula yokuhlola.
Izakhiwo ze-Mycobacterium isifo sofuba
Izici zalezi zinambuzane ezinobungozi zihlotshaniswa nokubunjwa kwamakhemikhali. Induku kaKoch ingama-80% amanzi no-3% umlotha. Okusele okumile kunamaprotheni angama-40% kanye nenani elifanayo le-polysaccharides. Isifo sofuba se-mycobacterium esisodwa (kanye namanye ama-microorganisms alaleli qembu) sinesifo esinobuthi kakhulu. Kuyinto ehambelanayo kokubili okuphilayo kanye nenduku yokubulawa kaKoch.
I-Mycobacterium isifo sofuba - ukuzinza endaweni yangaphandle
Ishalofu likaKoch lihlukaniswa "nokuphila" kwalo kwamanye ama-bacilli. I-Mycobacterium isifo sofuba singamelana nemvelo elandelayo:
- i-asidi;
- utshwala;
- i-alkaline.
Emanzini, induku kaKoch igcina imiphumela yayo eyingozi kuze kube yizinsuku ezingu-150. Emikhiweni yobisi, la ma-bacilli aphila kuze kube yizinyanga ezingu-10. Ukwazi ukuthi i-mycobacterium yesifo sofuba ifa ngukuphi ukushisa, ungavimbela ukukhiqizwa kwayo. Ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile akuhambisani ne-Koch's wand emahoreni angu-4-5. Ukwengeza, ama-microorganisms abhubha ngehora lehora ngehora lokushisa lika-85 ° C noma ngaphezulu.
Ukuphikiswa kwezidakamizwa ze-mycobacterium isifo sofuba
Ukuthola izidakamizwa eziphikisanayo ekwelapheni, kusetshenziswa i-antibiogram. Kunezizathu ezinjalo zokumelana nentonga kaKoch ngezidakamizwa:
- I-biological - isilinganiso esinganele semithi.
- Ngephutha lesiguli - umuthi uthathwa ngokungavamile, umthamo uguqulwa wedwa, njalonjalo.
- Imiphumela yalesi sifo - isifo esibangela isifo sofuba lesi sifo sishintsha i-pH. Lokhu kuphazamisa isenzo semithi.
Ama-disinfectants wamanje, enza isifo sofuba se-mycobacterium
Uma ukhetha izindlela zokuvimbela ukuhlanza amanzi, kubalulekile ukucabangela ukuzinza okukhulu kwezintambo zeKoch. I-agent causative yesifo sofuba ifa ngaphansi kwethonya lalawo ma-disinfectants:
- 5% i-chloramine;
- 0.5% i-bleach;
- soda ash.
Izindlela zokutheleleka nge-mycobacteria isifo sofuba
Ingozi kwabanye kukhona iziguli ezihlushwa uhlobo oluvulekile lokugula . Indlela ejwayelekile kunazo zonke yokutheleleka nge-tuberculosis yami i-mycobacterium is kanje:
- iphini;
- umoya wokudonsa;
- i-intrauterine;
- feedary.