Kuyini ukuqonda - kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo izingqondo nabaphulukisi bezama ukuyiqonda njengento, kuhlobana nomphefumulo noma ingumphefumulo ngokwawo? Ingabe ingqondo ifa nomuntu? Azikho izimpendulo zemibuzo eminingi namuhla, kodwa omunye angasho ngokuqaphela ukuthi ngaphandle kwakhe akekho umuntu ocabanga.
Ukuqaphela - incazelo
Ukuqaphela kungumsebenzi ophakeme kakhulu wobuchopho, isici kuphela kubantu futhi kuhlanganisa ukuveza iqiniso, ukusebenzisana nalo ngokwengqondo kwengqondo yezenzo engqondweni, ukubalwa kwangaphambili kwemiphumela nokuqaphela ezweni langaphandle. Ukuqaphela kuhlobene eduze nenkulumo nokucabanga . Isakhiwo sokuqaphela ifilosofi sinokuxhumana okuhlangene nakwezenhlalakahle, kwengqondo kwengqondo kakhulu kunakhokhelwa ukuqonda komuntu ngamunye okwavela futhi kwahlukana nokuqonda komphakathi.
Kuyini ukuqonda kwengqondo?
Kuyini ukuqonda komuntu kusukela ekucabangeni kwengqondo kwengqondo? Ukuqaphela ukucwaninga kwengqondo kubonakala komuntu wedwa, umsebenzi wakhe kanye nokuyilapho ekhona - ngakho uL. Vygotsky wacabangela. Abahlengikazi bezengqondo baseFrance uHarbwachs noDurkheim babona ukuqonda njengendiza enezici nemiqondo evezwe kuyo. UWork James wachaza ukuqonda njengenkosi yezinqubo zengqondo ezenzeka ngendaba.
Kuyini ukuqonda kwefilosofi?
Ukuqaphela ifilosofi yikhono lokufunda izinto, ukuxhumana nabo kanye nezwe lonke. Ukuqaphela kuyinto ifomu engacatshangwa ngokuzimela ngaphandle kwezwe. Umuntu wamukeleka ngokuphelele ukwazi futhi akakwazi ukuhamba ngaphesheya kwalo, kuvela ukuthi uma kungekho ulwazi, khona-ke kumuntu akukho lutho. Amathangathi ahlukene wefilosofi ahumusha ukuqonda ngendlela yabo siqu:
- I-Dualism (i-Plato, i-Descartes) -moya (ukuqonda) kanye nendaba (umzimba) yizinto ezimbili ezizimele kodwa ezihambisanayo. Umzimba uyafa, kodwa ukwazi okungafi, futhi emva kokufa, umhlaba wezimvo namafomu abuyele.
- I-Idealism (J. Berkeley) - ukuqonda kuyinhloko, futhi izinto zezinto ezibonakalayo azikho ngaphandle kombono wokuqaphela.
- Ukufunwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo (F. Engels, D. Davidson) - ukuqonda kuyinto yendaba ehlelekile kakhulu, ekhombisa izwe futhi lidale.
- UbuHindu ukuqonda "bufakazi obukhulu obungabonakali obubuka izenzo zezinto ezibonakalayo (Practi).
- UbuBuddha - konke ukuqonda.
Ukuqaphela Ubuntu
Isakhiwo sokuqaphela sifaka isimo sengqondo esithile emvelweni, kubantu futhi kulokhu isithombe somuntu siqu sezwe sakhiwa. Ubuhlobo obunamahlombe, ukuqonda kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho - konke lokhu kuyizinto zokuqonda komuntu, ukuthuthukisa ngqo emphakathini. Uma senza isici sekhono lokuqonda, singakwazi ukuhlukanisa izinto eziyisisekelo:
- umsebenzi - ukuqonda okuqaphela umhlaba ngomuntu ngokubaluleka;
- inhloso - isifiso noma ukukhanga ekufezeni imigomo ehleliwe ehleliwe.
Imisebenzi yokuqaphela
Isakhiwo nemisebenzi yokuqaphela kuhloswe ukusebenzisana nezwe langaphandle, iqiniso lokuthi umuntu ngamunye uyaziphilisa futhi asebenze njengabalawuli ekuxazululeni izinkinga ezibalulekile nokuthola ulwazi. Imisebenzi elandelayo yokuqwashisa ibaluleke kakhulu:
- ukulawula (ukubala, ukuhlola nokuqhathanisa izinto ezihlukahlukene kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinyathelo ngokusekelwe kokuhlaziywa kwemvelo, ukulawulwa kokuziphatha kwabo kanye nomthelela eqenjini);
- ukudala (ukuqondwa kwemvelo, izimo zezinhlelo nokuthola ulwazi lokuhlukahluka kanye nenkululeko ongayenza into entsha);
- ukuqonda (ngenxa yokuguqula izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezindlela ezinhle ukukhipha ulwazi lweqiniso);
- ukuxhumana (ukusebenzisa ulwazi oluhlukene lwezinkulumo nezethulo, izindlela zanamuhla zokuxhumana zokuxhumana);
- ukuqoqa (ulwazi olusekelwe enkumbulweni luhlanganisa ulwazi lokuthi umuntu othile uzikhiphe, noma ulwazi lwezizukulwane zangaphambilini);
- i-axiological (ikhono lokuqaphela ukuhlola ulwazi, izenzo nezenzo zabanye abantu besebenza ngokuya ngezidingo zabo zangempela).
Izinga lokuqaphela
Isici esiyinhloko sokuqaphela ukuqonda "I" - "Nginguye!", "Ngicabanga!" "Ngikhona!". Izendlalelo noma amazinga okuqonda komuntu, okufaka isandla kulokho umuntu angasho ngakho ngaye "Mina ..!":
- Ukuqaphela - kuqukethe umthombo wokuqala ukucabanga, izithombe kanye nezincazelo zizalwa lapha (isipiliyoni, izindawo zokunyakaza, umsebenzi osebenzayo, izithombe zezithombe), futhi kubonakala futhi kudalwe (imisebenzi eyinkimbinkimbi
- Ukuqaphela ukucabangela ukucabanga ngezwe , ukulawula ukuziphatha (ukuziqaphela, ukuzazi, ukuzethemba, ukuzicabangela noma ukuziveza). Lolu luhlaka lwentuthuko lwenza umsebenzi wokuhlaziya isimo, ukuhlukanisa konke kube izingxenye nokudalula ubudlelwane obangela imbangela.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokwazi
I-essence nesakhiwo sokuqaphela kwashintsha kulo lonke ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, njengoba kubonwe kusuka ezigabeni emva kokulandelana:
- Psychic yezilwane futhi ngaphambi kokuba umuntu . Lapha ukungafani kuyinto engafanelekile, akekho umuntu owaziyo okwamanje, ama-prehumans ahluke ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlakaniphile ngokubona komphakathi, okubandakanya umqondo ovamile, umsebenzi, owodwa kubo bonke, ucabanga ukuthi kwakuzogqugquzela ukuthuthukiswa kwesigaba esilandelayo.
- Ukwaziswa kwe-Herd . Phakathi "kwepakethe" yabantu, umuntu "onamandla" ohlakaniphile nohlakaniphile uyaphuma: umholi, isakhiwo esinqunyiwe, sibonakala senza izinguquko. Ukuqaphela imfucuza kwenza kube lula ukuzwa umuntu ngamunye ngamunye evikelekile, futhi imigomo ejwayelekile kanye nemisebenzi yasisiza ukuba athathe izindawo futhi akhulise inani lemfuyo.
- Ukuqaphela umuntu onengqondo . Ukutholakala kwansukuzonke nokubheka kwezinqubo zemvelo ngokuqhubekayo kwabangele ekuthuthukiseni ulwazi kanye nesistimu yezinzwa njengomuntu onomqondo ophelele. Ukuzindla mayelana nabo kanye nemvelo yezinto zivela.
- Ukuqaphela komuntu womphakathi wakithi, ukuziqhenya . Ukuphelela kwemisebenzi ephakeme yobuchopho kwenzeka: inkulumo, ukucabanga (ikakhulukazi abstract).
Ukulawula ukuqonda
Ukuze uzilawule udinga ukwazi ukuthi yikuphi ukuqonda, yiziphi izinqubo zengqondo ezenzeka ebuchosheni, ngaphandle kwalo kunzima ukuzilungisa ukuze ufeze imigomo, ukwakha isisusa. Iyiphi indima ekuqapheliseni ngayo ekuphileni komuntu kungabonakala kuyo yonke imisebenzi ephathekayo ekhonakalayo. Ngaphambi kokuba into ethile isetshenziswe, umuntu uyayakha ekhanda lakhe, bese esebenzisa imisebenzi ethile, ukuyilawula kuyayenza. Ngaphandle kokuqondiswa nokulawulwa kokuqaphela, noma yikuphi umsebenzi okwakungeke kwenzeke - lena indima ethize yokuqaphela.
Ubudlelwane phakathi kokuqonda kanye nokungaqondi komuntu
Ukuqaphela nokungazi ekuqondweni kwengqondo yizingxenye zomqondo womuntu. Phakathi kwabo kukhona ukuxhumana, kukholelwa ukuthi ukuqonda "kuphela okuyi-tip of the iceberg", kanti lokho okungazi lutho kuyinto emnyama, engenasici lapho yonke into umuntu angayiqapheli ngokuvamile efihliwe. Ngosizo lwezindlela ze-psychoanalytic kanye ne-transpersonal, i- hypnosis , ochwepheshe bangasiza ekutholeni izigameko zakudala eziye zacindezelwa ezingenalwazi, ezithinta kabi impilo yanamuhla.
Uyini ulwazi lomphakathi?
Ngesikhathi ngasinye emlandweni wesintu kwakukhona izethulo zabo ezihlangene, izinkolelo, imibono - ukuthi ngobuningi kanye nokuqonda komphakathi okuphikisana nalowo muntu futhi kuhlanganisa nesimo sengokomoya. Ukuqaphela umphakathi emfilosofi, njengento evela ezikhathini zasendulo, kwavusa isithakazelo esikhulu sezesayensi nabacwaningi basichaza futhi njengokwazi okuhlanganyelwe.
Izinga lokuqaphela umphakathi
Ukuvela nokuthuthukiswa kokwazi komuntu kuhlobene ngokuqondile nalabo abasebenza emphakathini ngesikhathi esithile. Ukuqwashisa komuntu ngamunye "ukuhlanganisa" nomunye umqondo wokuqonda komphakathi. Indlela abantu abayibona ngayo futhi bahlanganyele neqiniso elizungezile ibeka amazinga okuthuthukiswa kokuqaphela umphakathi kanye nokujula. Amafilosofi kanye nezomphakathi bahlukanisa amazinga alandelayo okuqaphela umphakathi, amane azo:
- Okuvamile - kujwayelekile kubo bonke abantu bomhlaba wonke futhi kwenziwa ngezinyathelo zansuku zonke. Kuyini ukuqonda okuvamile? Ngokwalo, kuvele ngokuzenzakalelayo, hhayi ohlelweni, isisekelo salo nakho kwansuku zonke kwansuku zonke.
- Izinganekwane - ngokoqobo kubonakala ezingeni elijulile elibalulekile, zonke izimo kanye nemibono yokuphila kwezenhlalakahle zisekelwe ngokuqinile, kulezinga kukhona ukuqonda imithetho yentuthuko. Abathwali bokuqaphela umphakathi: ososayensi, ama-theorists ezinkomba ezihlukahlukene zesayensi. Ukuqonda kwezemfundiso nokujwayelekile kuvumelana futhi kuthuthukise omunye komunye.
- I-psychology yezenhlalakahle - konke okwenzeka emphakathini, isethi yemingcele, imizwelo, amasiko athile. Eyakhelwe ngokusondelene nokuthuthukiswa komlando, ingahluka emaqenjini ahlukahlukene noma emphakathini. I-psychology yezenhlalakahle ibonisa isimo sengqondo sabantu esibucayi bokuphila kwezenhlalakahle, uhlamvu lukazwelonke kanye nemicabango.
- I-ideology yizinga elibonisa uhlelo lokubukwa nemicabango yombuso, ingokomoya, izidingo kanye nezithakazelo. Yakhiwa yizombusazwe, izazi-mbono, izazi zezenhlalo ngenhloso.