I-Vitalism (evela kuLatini vitalis - ephilayo, epha ukuphila) iyinhlangano yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ku-biology evumela ukuba khona kwamandla amakhulu angenakwenzeka ngaphakathi kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo oluphilayo. Izinto ezidingekayo ze-theory of vitalism zingabonakala kwifilosofi kaPlato no-Aristotle, owakhuluma ngomphefumulo ongafi (psyche) kanye namandla angenakuphilisa (entelechy), okulawula izimo zokuphila. Khona-ke isintu sithathwe incazelo yezinto eziyinkimbinkimbi, mayelana nokubaluleka kwakukhunjulwa kuphela ngekhulu le-17. Izimbali zokugcina ze-neo-vitalism zenzeka engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-19. Kodwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nemithi, inkolelo yokubaluleka yayidonswe, ake sibone ukuthi ukwehluleka kwayo kuyini.
Vitalism nokuwa kwayo
Ngaso sonke isikhathi, isintu sasinesithakazelo empikiswaneni yemvelaphi yokuphila. Nakuba ukucabanga kwesayensi kwakungakhulumi, izincazelo zenkolelo yenkolo azange zenze noma yikuphi ukungabaza. Kodwa lapho abantu beqaphela ukuthi izwe lilawulwa imithetho yokusebenza, inkolelo yokuvela kuNkulunkulu yaqala ukubangela ukungabaza okuningi. Kodwa nansi into, isayensi, nayo, ayikwazanga ukunikeza incazelo ecacile yemvelaphi yokuphila. Kwakukhona ngaleso sikhathi ukubaluleka okwakubonakala ukuthi akuphikisana nemithetho yemvelo, kodwa futhi kubona ukuthi kukhona khona ukushayela okungaqondakali okungukuqala kokuqala. Ukwakhiwa kokugcina komqondo wokubaluleka kwafika esikhathini sokuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwesayensi, lapho abantu begcina ukulahlekelwa ukholo lokuthi incazelo ye-oda lomhlaba inganikezwa kuphela ekuboneni okunengqondo nokusebenzayo. Umnikelo omkhulu ekubunjweni kwale mbono wenziwa ngabososayensi abafana noG. Stahl (udokotela) noHr. Drish (umbungu wezinambuzane). Lezi zinsuku, ikakhulukazi, zathi ososayensi abakwazi ukudala isidalwa esisodwa sokuphila, ngoba inqubo yokudala ayikwazi ukuba yinkambu yezimakethe.
Kodwa sekudlule iminyaka, isayensi yathuthuka, imithetho emisha yavulwa. Ekugcineni, ngokusho kokubalulekile, kwakukhona ukushaywa okuphazamisayo (ngokombono walabo abakulimaza). Ngo-1828, uFie Wohlhler (isazi samakhemikhali waseJalimane) washicilela imisebenzi yakhe, lapho esho khona imiphumela yokuhlolwa kokuhlanganiswa kwe-urea. Wakwazi ukudala ukuxuba okuphilayo kwemvelo ngendlela efanayo nezinso zokuphila ezizenzayo. Lokhu kwakuyisinyathelo sokuqala sokuwa kwe-vitalism, futhi ucwaningo olulandelayo lwenze umonakalo owaningi kulo mbono. Emashumini ama-50 ekhulwini lama-XX ukuthuthukiswa okuhleliwe kokuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphilayo kwaqala. I-French chemist P.E.M. U-Berthelot wakwazi ukwenza amathane, i-benzene, i-ethyl ne-methyl alcohols, kanye ne-acetylene. Kuleli qophelo, umngcele ophakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nemvelo, okucatshangwa ukuthi awunakwenzeka, wabhujiswa. Ucwaningo lwesimanje alushiyi lutho oluvela kubalulekile - abantu bangakwazi ukuhlanganisa igciwane, baphumelele ekwenzeni i-cloning nokunye okunye lapho isayensi izotholela khona, mhlawumbe maduzane sizofunda ukwenza ama-biorobots - uhlobo olusha olusha lokuphila, ngaleyo ndlela limile ezingeni elilodwa noMdali.
Umbono wezinto ezibalulekile ezweni lanamuhla
Kulungile, sasihlunga, isayensi - i-Forever, i-vitalism - ekulahleni! Kodwa ungagijimeli eziphethweni, ukutholakala kwemithetho lapho izenzakalo zemvelo zilawulwa khona, akuphiki neze inkolelo yokubalulekile, ngoba umuntu (noma into) le mithetho kwakudingeka ivele nayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izazi zefilosofi zesikhathi esidlule zicabangela ukuthi izibalo ziba inkolo cishe