Sensualism - izinzuzo kanye nokuqeda ukuqonda okuqondayo

Imizwa, izinzwa nezethulo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekuphileni komuntu. Izinto eziningi, izinto, izenzakalo zezwe zingakwazi ukuxhumana kuphela nokuzwa. Ukuzizwa komzimba kubheka ukuphila komzimba njengowokuphela kweqiniso, nokuqonda nokucabangela ukuphumula kuphela ekuboneni okutholiwe.

Kuyini ukuzwela?

I-Sensualism ingenye yezindlela ezisekelwe ekuqondisweni komuntu, okuvela emibonweni yamafilosofi aseGreki asendulo ayekholelwa ukuthi uhlobo oluyisisekelo kunazo zonke nolwazi olunokwethenjelwa lwamazwi nemizwa. I-Sensualism (ukuqonda kwe-Latin sensus) yahlukaniswa yaba yingozi futhi elinganisiwe (kwezinye izimo, ithonya lomqondo laziwa). Njengemfundiso, ukuziphatha okubi ngokweqile kwakuthola ukuthandwa kakhulu emibuthanweni yefilosofi futhi kwaqukethe okulandelayo okulandelayo:

• konke okuhlangenwe nakho kwangaphandle, ulwazi, ingqondo ithola kuphela ngokusebenzisa izinzwa;
• imibono yokuzalwa engekho, ingqondo "ibhodi elihlanzekile";
• ngenxa yokuthi akukho lutho olungeke luvele ngaphambili ezinhliziyweni;
• izwe langaphandle liwumthombo wolwazi;
• ingqondo inomqondo owodwa kuphela.

I-Sensualism ku-Psychology

Imibono kanye nezikhundla zokuzizwa kwezingqondo zithonya elinamandla kwisayensi yengqondo yekhulu le-XVIII. I-physiologist yaseJalimane nomqondisi wezokwelapha uWilhelm Wundt waqala ukuthuthukisa ukuhlolwa kwengqondo: wahlola, umsebenzi owawuzokwenza ukuhlonza izinzwa eziyinhloko, okuvela kuyo izakhiwo zomzimba womuntu . Ukubukeka kwesimo sengqondo kwimiqondo yombhalo ovela emfundisweni yefilosofi, ukutadisha impilo yengqondo ngokuthembela okuyisisekelo ekuboneni izinzwa. Esikhathini esizayo, ukuhlukumeza ngokobulili kwaguqulwa waba yingqondo ye-associative.

Sensualism kwifilosofi

Ifilosofi yasendulo, eyayivela eGrisi lasendulo, idume ngezikole ezihlukahlukene kanye nemifudlana ethinta izwe lonke. Izazi zefilosofi zokuqala ze-sensationalist zibhekwa njengeProgagoras ne-Epicurus. Ukuzizwa ngefilosofi kuyisiqondiso "sokwemvelo" ekuxazululeni izinkinga zokuqashelwa kokungahambisani nokuqonda kanye nokuqonda, ngokusekelwe ezimpikiswaneni zokucabanga. Ukuzwela kwasakazeka kuphela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. sibonga isazi sefilosofi saseFrance uVictor Cousin.

Umthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukiseni inkolelo yolwazi yethando yenziwa nguJokie Locke futhi kamuva ngumfilosofi waseFrance u-Etienne Bono de Condillac. UJ. Locke, ngaphezu kokuzizwa kokuzwa, kwakubalulekile ekuqondeni, kucatshangelwa ukucabangela, okuyi-E.B. de Condillac akakwazanga ukuvumelanisa nokukhuluma ngokucabangela, hhayi ngesimo esizimele, kodwa ngesimo sokubuyiselwa kabusha. Imibono eyisisekelo kaCondillac ekuphileni kwengqondo:

1. Kukhona amaqembu amabili wezinzwa. Iqembu lokuqala - ukuzwa, ukubona, iphunga ukunambitheka. Owesibini ubhekisela kumqondo wokuthinta.
2. Ukudla kudlala indima ebalulekile ekufundeni izwe langaphandle.
3. Izinqubo ezingokomoya ezenzeka ngokuzimela ngaphandle kokuzizwa ziyize.
4. Noma yiluphi ulwazi luqukethe umuzwa.

Uyini umehluko phakathi kokubheka kanye nokuzwela?

Ifilosofi yezikhathi zanamuhla (XVII - XVIII eminyaka.) Wayebhekene nezinkinga ngolwazi lwezwe kanye nenqubo yeqiniso. Kukhona ukuthuthukiswa okusheshayo kwezindawo ezintathu eziyinhloko zefilosofi, ukuhleleka kwemicabango, ukuzwa izinzwa kanye nokuhlelwa kwemvelo. Indlela yokuzilolonga neyokuzizwa isondelene komunye nomunye ngezikhundla eziyisisekelo futhi iphikisana nokuhlelwa kwemicabango. Ukuvuswa kwemimoya kuyindlela, ukutholakala okungokwafilosofi waseNgilandi F. Bacon. Impiricism isekelwe ekuhlangenwe nakho okuzwakalayo, njengengxenye yokwazi kanye nomthombo wolwazi.

F. Bacon wayehlukanisa phakathi kwezindlela zokuzizwa, ukuhleleka kwemicabango kanye nokuziphendulela. I-Sensualists yi "izintuthwane", okuqukethwe ngalokho abakutholile. Amagundane - "izicabucabu" zibopha iwebhu yezingxoxo ezivela kubo. Ama-empiricists - "izinyosi" zikhishwa umbala ezivela emibala ehlukahlukene, kodwa zikhiphe izinto ngokusho kobuchwepheshe kanye namakhono abo.

Ukungafani okuyinhloko phakathi kobuciko nokuzwela ngokwendlela F. Bacon:

1. Ukuvuswa kwemimoya kubona ukubaluleka kwemizwa, kodwa ngokubambisana eduze nesizathu.
2. Isizathu sikwazi ukukhipha iqiniso ekuhlangenwe nakho kokuzwa.
3. Ukucabangela okungokwemvelo kwemvelo ekuziphatheni, kufakwa esikhundleni sokungenelela okusebenzayo ukuze ufunde izimfihlo.

Ukuthandwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo

Imizwa - umthombo obaluleke kunazo zonke wolwazi, ukuzwela ngokuthembela kulolu hlobo lwesigaba esiphezulu kulokhu okwamanje, aluhambisani, luhlukaniswe luyizifiso zokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo, ekugcineni, umthelela wezinto ezizenzekelayo zangaphandle ezinyangeni, kufaka phakathi ukubonakala kwezinzwa. Ummeli ocacile wokuzibona izinto ezibonakalayo uJohn Locke.

Ukuzizwela okunengqondo

Ngokuphambene nokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo kukaJohn Locke, ukubonakaliswa kwengqondo okubonakalayo, kubalandeli babo ababeyizifilosofi J. Berkeley noDkt D. Hume. Ukuzizwa kahle kwe-idealistic ifilosofi ephika ukuthembela kokuzwela ezintweni zangaphandle. Izinhlinzeko eziyinhloko zalesi siqondiso, ezakhiwe nguJer. Berkeley noD. D. Hume:

1. Umuntu akanalo umbono wezinzwa;
2. Into ehlukile ingabonakala ngokubalwa kwezinzwa ezithile.
3. Umphefumulo uyisamukeli semibono yonke.
4. Umuntu akakwazi ukwazi yena, kepha ukuzibona ngokwakho kunganika umbono.

Sensualism - inzuzo kanye nokuqeda

I-psychology yesayensi ihlale ixhomeke emibhalweni yefilosofi, idonsela kubo isipiliyoni seminyaka eminyaka sokuqaphela komphefumulo. I-Sensualism iye yaba nethonya ekuthuthukiseni kwengqondo yezobuchwepheshe nokuzihlanganisa. Ukuhlaziywa kwemizwa nemizwelo emisebenzini ethi "Ukwelashwa kokuzwa", u-E. Condillac wenza igalelo elibalulekile kwisayensi, ekwazisa izazi zengqondo. Esikhathini esizayo, i-psychology yaqaphela ukulinganiselwa kokuzwela ngezinqubo zokuqashelwa. Ukungahleleki kwe-sensationalism kwembula ngenkathi kuhlolwa:

1. Isenzo somcabango asifani nokuhlangana kwezinzwa.
2. Ukuqonda komuntu kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhudlwana kuneqoqo lezinto ezithandwayo.
3. Okuqukethwe kwengqondo akukhawulelwanga kuphela kwezithombe nezinzwa.
4. Isisusa sokuziphatha kanye nendima yezenzo ekwakheni ukubonakala akukwazi ukuchazwa ngosizo lwezinsizwa.