Isithombe sokufa iminyaka eminyaka sihlala sikhangele isiko nobuciko. Abaningi babalingiswa bevela esikhathini esidala, futhi phakathi kwabo - unkulunkulu wasendulo wamaGreki Thanatos, owavezwa njengelungu elimaphiko e-hood, ene-torch elicishiwe esandleni sakhe. Wakhombisa ukuphela kokuphila.
Kuyini i-Thanatos?
Ngomqondo ovamile, i-thanatos isifiso sokufa ngezinga elisezingeni eliphansi kanye nokuzibandakanya kwalo. Leli gama livela egameni lodumo wasendulo, owaziwa nangokuthi u-Fanatos, uTanat noFulentshi, owakho inkolo ekhona amakhulu eminyaka eSparta. Kusukela olimini lwesiGreki lasendulo, igama lakhe lihunyushwe ngokuthi "ukufa" (thanatos). Lesi sithombe sasingabonakali nje emasosini kuphela, kodwa futhi kubuciko, kwengqondo kanye ne-psychoanalysis. Umqondo unezincazelo eziningana.
Thanatos kufilosofi
Kusukela ekucabangeni kwefilosofi, i-thanatas iyisithakazelo sokuzibulala, ukubola nokuhlakazeka. Kanye ne-Life, Eros, lo mqondo uyingxenye ebalulekile yokuba khona. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi umuntu uhumusha kanjani ukushona kwakhe futhi akabonakali ngemva kokufa , uhlale ecabanga ukuthi angaphila kanjani impilo futhi ayithuthukise. Ukucabanga kwefilosofi esihlokweni sokufa kuhlala iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Kuyinto engunaphakade yomcabango womuntu. Ukuqaphela kakhulu le nkinga kwaphawulwa ngezikhathi ezithile zesikhathi:
- ngenkathi yokukhululeka;
- ezinsukwini zikaFédorov noDostoevsky, lapho kwakukhona izingxoxo ezingokomoya;
- Esikhathini Sesiliva (ukuguqula umphakathi).
Efilosofi yaseRussia, inhlangano engaphansi kwe-thanatology movement ihlaziya le nkinga. Kusukela ngawo-1990, i-Association of Thanatologists eSt. Petersburg ishicilele lo mqulu "Izibalo ze-Thanatos". Izinkinga zalolu shicilelo zimi kanje:
- izimpawu zokufa;
- izithombe ezenziwe ngobuciko;
- ukuzibulala;
- izinto zokwakhiwa kwezinkomfa zamazwe ngamazwe, njll.
I-Thanatos ku-Psychology
Ekhulwini lama-20 leminyaka, imibono yefilosofi kaSchopenhauer kanye nenkolelo yemvelo kaWeismann yavumela ukwakha isithombe sokufa kanye neminye yamandla ayo. Impendulo yombuzo walokho okushiwo yi-psychoatalysts evelele: E. Weiss, P. Federn, M. Klein, Z. Freud, nabanye. Umqondo wezifo zengqondo wase-Austrian uWilheim Steeckel wethula umqondo kanye nencazelo yale nkulumo. Umzabalazo wokuphila nokufa, ukuhlukumezeka nokubhujiswa kuyisisekelo. Yisisekelo sokukhona komuntu nomsebenzi wakhe wengqondo. Lezi zenzakalo ezimbili eziphikisanayo zibili futhi zithwala amagama wabonkulunkulu baseGreki enengqondo.
U-Eros no-Thanatos ngokusho kukaFreud
Isazi-psychoanalyst esaziwa kakhulu uSigmund Freud sathinta izinkambiso ezimbili, isimo-sokuphila nokufa. Intando yowokuqala ichaza i-Eros - isisindo sokuzivikela kanye nobulili. I-Thanatos ngokusho kukaFreud inamandla futhi isebenza ngesisekelo se-libido amandla. Kungaba ngezinhlobo ezimbili:
- Kuhloswe ngabantu nasezintweni ezihlukahlukene, bese kunezinhlobo zezenzo ezibhubhisayo, isibonelo, ukuchithwa kwempahla, ukudabuka, njll.
- Ukugxila kuwe. Isimo esinjalo sibonakaliswa ku- masochism nokuzama ukuzibulala.
Emsebenzini wakhe othi "I and It" (1923), uFrud wagcizelela ukuthi esimweni sengqondo kukhona umzabalazo oqhubekayo phakathi kwamashayela amabili. I-Thanatos ne-Eros ziphikisana nomunye, futhi phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili kukhona "Mina" womuntu. U-Eros ungumhlukumezi wokuthula futhi ulalela isimiso senjabulo. Futhi "okufayo" izimo zithatha ukuphumula nokuheha umuntu.
Thanatos - Mythology
Ezingqungqutheleni zamaGrisi, abantu bazama ukuphendula imibuzo ejabulisayo, ukuqonda ukuthi. Ngakho "umphikisi" ka-Eros kwakuwumkhiqizo wobumnyama. Unkulunkulukazi wobusuku, unina waseTanatos, owabizwa ngokuthi iNyukta ("ubusuku") wabiza umuntu ubumnyama obuza ngokushona kwelanga. Kusukela kunkulunkulu onobumnyama obungunaphakade, u-Erebus, uNyukta wazala amadodana namadodakazi. Phakathi kwabo kwakunguNkulunkulu Wokufa. Wacabanga ezincwadini zikaHercules (ngaphansi kwegama leTanat) noSisyphus. Ukhulunywe kuTheogony's Theogony, ku-Iliad kaHomer nezinye izindabakwane zasendulo. UNkulunkulu wayenebandla lakhe eSparta, futhi ubuso bakhe bathathwa ukuze kuboniswe emigodini yamathuna.
Ubani u-Thanatos?
Ezobuciko baseGrisi lasendulo, unkulunkulu Thanatos uvele emifanekisweni ehlukene, kodwa zonke zikhangayo, zicabangela ukuthi lo mlingiswa uqobo. Njengomthetho, limelelwa njenge:
- insizwa enamaphiko ngemuva komhlane wayo;
- esembatho esimnyama;
- uphethe isibani esiphelile kanye nenkemba ezandleni zakhe.
Indawo yokuhlala - iTartarus kanye nale nsizwa iseduze kwesihlalo sobukhosi sase-Aida. Kubantu isithunywa sokuphela sekuyisikhathi lapho isikhathi sokuphila, esilinganiswa yizinkulunkulukazi zekusasa kuphela. Isithunywa seHayidese sichitha uboya bezinwele kusukela ekhanda "lokubhujiswa" futhi sibeka umphefumulo wakhe endaweni yabafileyo. AmaGreki asendulo ayekholelwa ukuthi ngezinye izikhathi iTanat inikeza ithuba lesibili empilweni.
I-Thanatos ne-Hypnos
Ngokusho komlando, u-Thanatos, unkulunkulu wokufa, wayenomfowabo wamawele ka-Hypnos, futhi izithombe zabo azifani. Kwezinye izinto zobuciko kanye nemisebenzi yezandla zingabonwa njengabafana abamhlophe nabamnyama. Ngokusho komlando, ama-hypnos ayehamba njalo efa futhi enza iphupho ngamaphiko akhe. Ukuthula, ukusekela wonke umuntu, umfowabo kaTanatos wayehluke kakhulu kuye. Uma ukufa kuzonda abantu bobabili nonkulunkulu, i-Hypnos yayiphathwa nge-cordiality. Ikakhulukazi wayethandwa yiMuses. Amadodana kaNyukta no-Erebus ayenamagugu ahlukene kumuntu, kodwa ukubaluleka komuntu ngamunye akukwazi ukukhonjiswa.
USigmund Freud ushilo wathi: "Umgomo wawo wonke ukuphila ukufa." Ngokwezigwebo ze-psychoanalyst enkulu, ukukhanga ekubhujisweni nasekubhujisweni kuyinto evamile. Uma kungenjalo, izingxabano zempi ezivamile zichazwe kanjani? Siyabonga ku-Eros - umkhuba wokuphila, isiko kanye nesilinganiso esijwayelekile sokuphila siqala. Abantu bahlanganyela, amaqembu amafomu: umndeni, umphakathi, umbuso. Kodwa ukuqhuma kobudlova, isihluku nokubhujiswa ngokushesha noma kamuva kuzenza uzizwe. Khona-ke esinye isinyenyelo sifakiwe, i-Thanatos. Ngokufa awukwazi ukuhleka usulu, kodwa akufanele ukhohlwe ngakho.