Inkinga yezomnotho kuwo wonke amazwe angathinta umuntu oyedwa noma ibhizinisi, kodwa wonke umuntu. Imiphumela ingalimaza kuzo zonke izindawo zokuphila. Siphakamisa ukuqonda ukuthi yikuphi ukwehla kwamandla emali, yiziphi izinsalela kanye nokungalungile kwenkinga nokuthi ngabe kungenzeka yini ukunqoba.
Ukunyuka kwemali - kuyini?
Ngaphansi kwalesi sikhathi sezomnotho kusho ukukhulisa inani lezimpahla nanoma yimaphi amasevisi. Okubalulekile kwe-inflation ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo kuyokwazi ukuthenga izikhathi ezimbalwa izimpahla zemali efanayo ngaphambi kokuthi ziqale. Kuyinto evamile ukusho ukuthi amandla okuthenga wezimali ayenqile, futhi anciphise, okungukuthi, ashiye ngaphandle kwengxenye yenani labo. Emnothweni wemakethe, inqubo enjalo ingabonakalisa ngokwanda kwamanani. Ngokungenelela kokuphatha, izindleko zihlala zifanayo, kodwa kungase kube khona ukuntuleka kwamaqembu omkhiqizo.
Kwenzekani ngesikhathi sokunyuka kwemali?
Inkinga yezomnotho kancane kancane ingena emiphakathini ehlukene yomphakathi futhi ibhubhise. Ngenxa yalokho, ukukhiqizwa, imakethe yezimali kanye nombuso kungase kuhlupheke. Yiziphi abantu abaningi abazi nge-inflation abaziwa ngezwi lokuzwa. Ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka kwemali:
- izimali zinciphisa ngokuhambisana negolide;
- ukheshi ngokuphathelene nezimpahla kuqala ukwehla;
- ukunciphisa imali ehlobene nemali yangaphandle.
Le nqubo inamanani amaningi okukhulisa, kepha lokhu akusho ukuthi ukwanda kwenani lazo zonke izimpahla. Ngezinye izikhathi ezinye zazo zihlala zifanayo, kanti ezinye ziwa. Inkinga enkulu ukuthi bangakwazi ukuvuka ngokungenalutho. Uma amanye amanani aphakama, kanti amanye awela, okwesithathu nhlobo angakwazi ukuhlala eqinile.
Kuyini ukwehla kwamandla emali?
Abezomnotho bathi izinga lokukhuphuka kwemali lithembele kulo:
- ukukhula kwemali;
- izinga lokukhula kwemali engenayo ngaphandle kokucabangela ukwanda kwevolumu yabo;
- ukuphakamisa izindleko zokukhiqizwa kwazo yizinkampani ezinkulu;
- ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa, okuzobandakanya ukunciphisa inani lempahla.
Yimiphi imithonya yemali engenayo?
Inqubo enjalo njengokukhuphuka kwamanani angaphezulu kungathinta amandla okuthenga imali, futhi imali yomuntu ngamunye ayikwazi ukuthembela ngqo kuyo. Izinga lokuphila liyancipha uma izimali zihleliwe. Lokhu kusebenza kubantu abahola impesheni, abafundi nabakhubazekile. Ngenxa yenkinga yezomnotho, lesi sigaba sabantu siba mpofu kakhulu ngakho-ke siphoqeleka ukuthola imali eyengeziwe, noma ukunciphisa izindleko zabo.
Uma izimali zingekho, umuntu unethuba elinjalo lokuthuthukisa isimo sakhe kulesi simo. Lokhu kungasetshenziswa ngabaphathi bezinkampani. Isibonelo singase kube isimo lapho izintengo zemikhiqizo zikhula, futhi izindleko zemithombo zihlala zifanayo. Ngakho-ke, imali evela ekuthengiseni izodlula izindleko futhi inzuzo izokwanda.
Izimbangela zokukhuphuka kwemali
Kuyinto evamile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwezimbangela ezinjalo zokukhuphuka kwemali:
- Ukwandisa ukusetshenziswa kwemali kahulumeni. Iziphathimandla zisebenzisa ukukhishwa kwemali ngokwandisa izidingo zabo siqu zokuhambisa izimpahla.
- Ukwandiswa kokugeleza kwemali ngenxa yokuboleka imali. Izindleko zithathwe ekukhishweni kwemali engaqinisekisiwe.
- Ukuzithokozisa kwamabhizinisi amakhulu ukucacisa izindleko, kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza.
- Umthamo wokukhiqiza kazwelonke uyancipha, okungaholela ekukhuleni kwamanani.
- Ukwandisa intela nemisebenzi kahulumeni.
Izinhlobo nezinhlobo ze-inflation
Abomnotho bahlukanisa izinhlobo ezinjalo zokuqala kwamanani emali:
- Ukufuna - kuphakama ngenxa yokudlulela kwesidingo uma kuqhathaniswa nemikhiqizo yangempela yokukhiqiza.
- Iziphakamiso - inqubomgomo yentengo ikhuliswa ngenxa yokwanda kwezindleko zokukhiqiza ngesikhathi lapho kukhona izinsiza ezingasetshenzisiwe.
- Ukulinganisela - izindleko zemikhiqizo ethile zihlala zifana.
- Okubikezelwe - kucatshangelwe ekuphatheni kwezinhlangano zomnotho.
- Okungaqinisekisiwe - kukhona okungalindelekile, ngoba ukwanda kwentengo kudlula ukulindela.
Kuye ngesivinini, kuyisiko ukuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezinjalo zenkinga:
- inhlanzi;
- ukunyuka kwamanani emali;
- hyperinflation.
Ekuqaleni, izindleko zezimpahla zikhuphuka ngamaphesenti ayishumi ngonyaka. Lokhu kukhula okulinganiselayo akusongeli ukuwa komnotho, kodwa kudinga ukunakwa. Okulandelayo futhi kuthiwa yi-step-like one. Amanani analo angakhuphuka kusuka kumaphesenti ayishumi kuya kwangu-20 noma amaphesenti amahlanu kuya kwamabili. Ngamanani okugcina phakathi nonyaka ukwenyukela kumahhafu amahlanu.
Izinzuzo kanye Nezimpahla Zomnotho
Inkinga yezomnotho inezimo ezimbi nezinzuzo. Phakathi kwamaminithi enqubo:
- ukwehla kwenkokhelo;
- ukubhujiswa kwazo zonke izigaba zokuphila;
- izinga jikelele lokuphila kwabantu liyancipha.
Wonke umuntu owazi ukuthi i-inflation iyini, iqinisekisa ukuthi inenzuzo. Izinzuzo zokukhuphuka kwemali:
- umsebenzi webhizinisi uyanda;
- ukukhiqizwa nokuqashwa kuyanda;
- Ukufunwa kwamasheya kuyanda;
- kukhona imvuselelo emakethe yezimpahla.
Ubuhlobo phakathi kwe-inflation nokungasebenzi
Ngokusho kwezomnotho, ukwehla kwamandla emali nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi kunobungane obucacile. Lokhu kuchazwa emfanekisweni weprofesa odumile wezinye zezikole zesiNgisi zezezimali u-A. Phillips. Wayehlolisisa idatha ezweni lakhe kusukela ngo-1861-1957. Ngenxa yalokho, waphetha ngokuthi uma ukungasebenzi kungaphezu kwezinga elingamaphesenti amathathu, amanani nezinkokhelo zaqala ukwehla. Ngemva kwesikhathi esithile kulo modeli, izinga lokunyuka kwamaholo lithathelwa indawo yesikhombiso se-inflation.
I-curve ye-curve ingabonisa ukuthembela okungafani kwenkinga nokuntuleka kwemisebenzi esikhathini esifushane kanye nokuzikhethela, ukuyekethisa. Ngesikhathi esifushane, ukuphakamisa izindleko zezimpahla nezinsizakalo, inkokhelo, kukhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kokuhlinzeka ngemisebenzi nokukhuliswa kwemikhiqizo. Lapho le nkinga icindezelwe, iholela ekungasebenzi.
I-inflation ibalwa kanjani?
Ukuze unqume izinga lokunyuka kwamanani emali, kuyisiko ukusebenzisa izinkomba ezilandelayo zokukhuphula imali:
- Inkomba yamanani yabathengi - ikhombisa izinguquko ngesikhathi sezinga jikelele lexabiso lempahla abantu abangayithengela yona.
- Inkomba yezindleko zemikhiqizo - ibonisa ushintsho kumgomo wamanani emkhakheni wokukhiqiza izimboni.
- Ukwehla kwamandla emali - kubonisa izinto ezingekho zezimali futhi zenzelwe ukubalwa ngesisekelo se-CPI.
- I-GDP deflator - iyakwazi ukukhombisa izinguquko ngokubaluleka kwazo zonke izimpahla ezenziwa ezweni lonke unyaka.
Ukuze kubalwe inkomba yenkinga yezomnotho, intengo yezimpahla ithathwa ngamaphesenti angukhulu, futhi zonke izinguquko ezikhathini ezizayo zikhonjiswa njengephesenti yezindleko zesikhathi esiyisisekelo. Inkomba kufanele ibalwe njalo nyanga nonyaka ngonyaka njengenguquko ekubalukeni kwezimpahla namasevisi ngoDisemba walonyaka ngenyanga efanayo yonyaka odlule.
Ukunyuka kwemali nemiphumela yayo
Abanemali bathi inqubo enjengokuthi ukwehla kwamandla emali kungathinta izinga lokuphila kwabantu. Kunemiphumela enjalo yokukhuphuka kwemali:
- amandla okuthenga wezimali ayancipha;
- kukhona umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwemali yamakilasi ahlukene ebantwini bezwe;
- isilinganiso sezimali kazwelonke siwa;
- ukuthembela kwezakhamuzi kuhulumeni kunciphisa.
Ukukhulisa inani lezimpahla ezithile ngokuvamile kuyinqubo yemvelo, ngoba ivela ekukhuleni kwemholo. Ngakho isiphetho - lesi simo esibucayi akunakwenzeka ukugwema, kodwa ungakwazi ukulungiselela. Kukhona isitatimende esihle kakhulu futhi esifanele kule nkinga yezomnotho enzima uma ixwayisiwe, bese ihlomile.
Izindlela zokulwa nokunyuka kwemali
Uhulumeni wezwe, osebunzima, kufanele aphishekele inqubomgomo enenjongo yokuqeda isimo esinzima. Izindlela zokulawula ukwehla kwamandla emali ziqondile futhi aziqondile:
- ukulawulwa kwemali yokugeleza ngokuphathwa kwebhange eliphakathi;
- inqubo yokulawulwa kwezinqubo zokubalwa kwemali nokubolekwa kwamabhange ezentengiselwano ngesikhungo sezimali esiyinhloko;
- izikhungo zezezimali zezohwebo, ukusebenza kweziko lesikhungo sezezimali emakethe yemasheya;
- inqubo yokuphathwa kukahulumeni ngqo nokungaqondakali kwemalimboleko nokugeleza kwemali;
- umthelela wombuso ngenani lezimpahla;
- umbuso ulawula umholo;
- umbuso uthatha inqubo yokulawula ukuhweba, ukuthekelisa nokungenisa kwamanye amazwe.