Izinhlaka zesayensi nezomphakathi: ezombusazwe, imithi, ifilosofi, inkolo, ingqondo, ukuziphatha, ngokuphendula okuqondile, ukuphendula ngokuhlukile embuzweni wokuthi yikuphi ukubekezela. Lo mbono waqala ukusetshenziswa emphakathini ngasekupheleni kweminyaka engu-90. ekhulwini lokugcina, ebangela ukungqubuzana nokuphikisana kwi-postulates equkethwe kuwo.
Ukubekezela - kuyini?
Lo muntu uyingqayizivele, kodwa ngezinye izindlela abantu bafana, ngakho - bafuna okufanayo, ukuzijabulisa, inkolo. Ukuzibaluleka kubalulekile kumuntu, ngenxa yokuthi abantu bayisidalwa sabantu. Abantu abahlukahlukene banemicabango ehlukile, nokuthi ezweni elilodwa liyamukeleka - kwenye lingabangela ukubhuka komphakathi. Ukubekezela kusho ukuthini umqondo jikelele?
Ngo-1995, amazwe angaba ngu-200 asayina iSimemezelo seMigomo Yokubekezela, esho ukuthi ukubekezelelana ukubekezela kwezinye izinkolo, amasiko, amasiko, ahlukene ngokungafani nokuzikhethela. Ukwamukela lokho kuvumelana kukho konke lokhu okungafani, kuvumela abantu ukuba bahloniphe omunye nomunye, baphile ngokuthula.
Ukubekezela kusho ukuthini kwezinye izindawo:
- ekwelapheni (i-pharmacology, i-narcology): ukuguqulwa kwesimo semvelo kunoma imuphi umthamo omkhulu okudingekayo ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela ofanayo;
- emculweni: isimo sengqondo sokuhlonipha izitayela ezahlukene nezikhombisi zomculo;
- ecology: ikhono lezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo ezikhulayo emvelweni, ngisho nezimo ezingathandeki.
Ukubekezela ku-Psychology
Lo mqondo ekucwaningweni kwengqondo kunendawo ebalulekile. Ukwamukela abantu, ngezici zabo, ngaphandle kokugxekwa nokulahlwa, kukuvumela ukwakha ukwethenjwa neklayenti futhi kuyisici se-psychotherapy. Isimo sengqondo sokubekezelelana sithatha kokubili izici zesayensi nezimiso, futhi nsuku zonke:
- Ukuziphatha (okunemibandela) - ngokuyinhloko, kuqukethe ukuhlukumezeka okulibalekile. Ukubekezela "kokuzimela kwangaphandle" kuphela ezingeni eliphezulu: umuntu uyavumelana nalokho okwenzekayo, kodwa ngaphakathi, empeleni ubamba, "amathumba."
- Imvelo (yemvelo) - iyinto evamile kubantwana abancane futhi ibonakaliswa ukwamukelwa kwabo okungenasimo komzali ngaphandle kokuhlolwa, ngeshwa, kwenzeka ngokwenza umonakalo uma abazali babo bebudlova.
- Ukuziphatha (okuqotho) - ngokusekelwe ngokugcwele nokwamukeleka kweqiniso. Lokhu ukubekezelelana okuvuthiwe nokuhle "kokungaphakathi kwangaphakathi." Isimo esingokomoya kuzo zonke izibonakaliso zokuphila nabantu kanye nolwazi oluhlale lukhona. Ngokuziphatha yonke imifanekiso ehlakaniphile isekelwe.
Isazi sengqondo kufanele sikhulume lokhu ukubekezelelana, imigomo eyinhloko yilezi:
- ukuphendula ngokomzwelo (ukuzwelana);
- ikhono lokubonisa, inkhulumomphendvulwano yangaphakathi;
- ikhono lokwakha ubudlelwane obuhle, obuhle nabantu.
Ukubekezela - izinzuzo nezindleko
Umqondo walo mqondo uqobo, okulungile emigomweni yomphakathi, ingabe kunjalo ngempela? Ingabe ukuthula nokuchuma emhlabeni kungenzeka ngaphandle kokubekezelela ezinye izizwe? Umqondo wokubekezela ungahunyushwa futhi usetshenziswe ngabantu ngezindlela ezahlukene, ngaphandle kokucatshangelwa ngemibono evunyelwe futhi enqunyiwe. Umdanso unamacala amabili.
Izinzuzo zokubekezela:
- kusiza ukuba nomuntu;
- ufunda ukunqoba ukwesaba ngokusebenzisa ukuxhumana okusebenzayo nabanye abantu abahlukene;
- ukuthuthukisa ukuqonda okuqondile kokuzibonakalisa okuhlukile kwabantu ngokuziphatha kwabo, umlingiswa, umbono kanye nendlela yokuphila;
- ikhuthaza intuthuko yomuntu siqu kanye nentuthuko yezenhlalakahle ngokudluliselwa kolwazi nolwazi, ngokusebenzisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwabantu ngabanye kanye nezizwe lonke.
Umkhuba wokubekezelelana:
- ngaphansi kwesimo sokubekezelela ukukhwabanisa kwabantu, okuhlanganiswe ngenhloso ezinhle;
- umugqa omuhle phakathi kokubekezela ngempela nokubekezela kwesibindi, ukulimaza umuntu;
- ukuguqulwa kwemigomo yeqiniso kanye namagugu ngamanga, ngokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bezenhlalakahle;
- ukubekezelelana kubonakala ngabanye njengokungakhathaleli, ukungaboni ukuqonda nokulwa.
Ukubekezelelana kuhluke kanjani ekubekezeleni?
Ekuhumusheni kusukela eLatin yesiLatini, yikuphi ukubekezela okungokoqobo: "tolerancea" lisho "ukubekezela", "ukubekezelela", "bear". Isichazamazwi esichazayo sichaza igama elithi "ukubekezelelana" esitholakala eFrance "ebekezelayo" - "ukubekezela". NgesiRashiya, ngokungafani nezinye izilimi zakwamanye amazwe, "ukubekezelelana" liyizwi elinencazelo engalungile, okusho ukukhuthazelela okubi, ukukhuthazelela ubunzima. Noma kunjalo, ukubekezelelana nokubekezela kukhona imiqondo ehlukene.
Ukubekezela ukulahla komphakathi ukubonisa inzondo, inzondo ngokubala. Umuntu ngaphakathi ngesikhathi esifanayo, angathola imizwa enamandla emibi nokuphikisana. Yenziwa ngesikhathi esifushane futhi ingafakwa ngemidiya (isibonelo, ukuxazulula impikiswano phakathi kwabantu abahlukene). Ukubekezela kuyisimo senhlalakahle esakhiwe phezu kwesikhathi esikhulu futhi sithatha ukuthi umuntu akanalo ubutha, akayithandi abanye abantu abafani naye ngezizathu ezahlukene. Emphakathini ogcwele amasiko ahlukahlukene kanye nezizwe - lokhu kuyisimo esidingekayo.
Ukubekezela nokucwaswa kwabantu
Igama elithi "ukucwaswa kwabantu", kanye "nokubekezelelana" kuvame ukuzwakala emithonjeni yezindaba kanye nolimi lwesiGreki elihunyushwe ngokuthi "ukwesaba abantu abangabazi". Ukucabanga kokucwaswa kwabantu kubonakala ngokuhlukaniswa okucacile kube "okomuntu" kanye "nokomunye". Ukugeleza okungakaze kwenzeke kwabafuduki kunalokho kubuhlungu futhi kuhlonishwa kakhulu ngabantu bomdabu: abokufika abafika baziphatha ngendlela ehlukile, abafuni njalo ukufunda ulimi olusha, abafuni ukwazi isiko namasiko ezweni abafuduka kulo. Ukubekezela ezweni lanamuhla, ngokuqondile, kusho ukungabikho kokucwaswa kwabantu, ukuhlala ngokuthula nokuthuthukiswa kwezizwe ezahlukene.
Izinhlobo zokubekezelelana
Isisekelo sokubekezelelana yizimiso eziyisisekelo zomphakathi, ngaphandle kwalowo muntu ongeke abe khona. Ososayensi bamakhono amaningi bahlanganyela ekuhlukaniseni ukubekezela. Ezweni eliguqukayo - elifanele futhi "eliyinkimbinkimbi" yizinkinga ezihlobene nenkolo, izimo zengqondo kubantu abakhubazekile, ubudlelwane bezintandokazi, ubulili kanye nezombangazwe. Ukucabangela, ukubekezelelana ukuthi yikuphi - isigaba ngasinye esetshenziswayo sichaza isichazamazwi sayo. Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zokubekezelelana zibonakala ngokugcwele yi-MS Matskovskii:
- inkolo;
- ubulili;
- i-physiological;
- imfundo;
- ukuziphatha ngokobulili;
- indawo;
- okuhlobene nobudala;
- umkhawulo;
- i-interclass;
- i-interethnic;
- ubuhlanga;
- ezombusazwe.
Ukubekezela Kwezenkolo
Inkolo yama-ethnoses iqukethe ingxenye yama-sacral ehlukanisa nezinye izinkolo. Emakhulwini eminyaka adlule, ukucabanga ukuthi inkolo yabo yiyo kuphela yabeqiniso - ababusi bamazwe ahlukene bathatha imikhankaso yempi ngenhloso yokuguqula abazalwane ekukholweni kwabo. Kuyini ukubekezelelana kwezenkolo osukwini lwethu? Umuntu unelungelo kunoma yiliphi inkolo eyamukelwa esimweni sakhe, ngisho noma engeyona inkolo enkulu. Ukubekezelela kolunye ukholo kuyisiqinisekiso sokuxhumana phakathi kwabantu.
Ukubekezela kubantu abakhubazekile
Ububele nesihe kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo ziyizinto ezibalulekile zomuntu, ezibekwe ebuntwaneni ngokubeletha okufanele. Ukubonakaliswa kokubekezela kubantu abakhubazekile kunomqondo ophezulu kakhulu ekusizeni nasekuhlanganisweni komuntu okhubazekile njengelungu eligcwele lomphakathi. Imfundo ehlangene, ukudala amathuba emisebenzi kuyinto ebalulekile yokubekezelelana.
Ukubekezelelana kwezizwe
Ngokuqondene nabantu bakubo, ama-ethnos anesimo seminyaka eminyaka, ama-traditions, amanani amanani angumuntu. Kuyini ukubekezela ebuhlotsheni bezinkondlo? Lesi simo sengqondo sokuhlonipha endleleni yokuphila yabanye abantu. Inkinga yokubekezelelana emazweni ahlukahlukene ayingxenye yomhlaba wonke. Ukungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi-ukungaboni ngaso sonke isikhathi (i-intolerance) ngokuya kuyisenzakalo sokugqugquzela inzondo yobuhlanga.
Ukubekezela kobulili
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ubulili - abantu bayakufanelekela inhlonipho namalungelo alinganayo - lokhu kuyimpendulo yombuzo, ukubekezelelana ngokobulili kuyini. Ukubekezela emphakathini ngokuphathelene nobulili kuyinto engaqiniseki. Kuze kube manje, ukuhlukunyezwa ngokobulili kuyashintsha, futhi yilesi isizathu sokuphendula okungalungile emphakathini nokuthuthukiswa kwama-phobias. Ukungabekezelelani kwamanye ama-sex-sexism kuyisici somuntu esibandlulula.
Ukubekezela kwezombusazwe
Ukubekezela kwezombangazwe ukulungela kukahulumeni ngenkhulumomphendvulwano eyakhayo namanye amazwe. Ngokugcwele, lingamelwa kuhulumeni ngenkululeko yentando yeningi futhi iboniswe ekuxazululeni izingxabano zangaphakathi, ukugcinwa kwamalungelo abantu, isimo sengqondo sokuhlonipha kwezinye izinkolelo zezombangazwe ezingaphikisani nomthetho. Ukubekezelelana kwezombangazwe kuyinkqubo yomhlaba wonke ekuxhomeke kuyo ukuthula emhlabeni.
Ukulungiswa kwezombangazwe nokubekezela imibono yokuzibandakanya emphakathini wanamuhla. Umlando wenkinga yezombangazwe yavela e-United States ngenkathi abase-Afrika baseMelika befuna ukukhipha olimini lwesiNgisi igama elibi elithi "black" elisetshenziswe emncintiswaneni wabo. Ukulungiswa kwezombusazwe kuhlanganisa ukuvinjelwa kolimi oluhlaselayo ngokuphathelene nomunye umhlanga, ubulili, ukuziphatha ngokocansi, njll. Emazweni amaningi, njengama-United States, ukulunga kwezombangazwe kuyaqhubeka futhi kugxila kuzo zonke izigaba zomphakathi.