Impucuko yaseMayan enhle, eyenziwe ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu, ishiye imfihlakalo eminingi. Iyaziwa ngokubhala kwayo okuthuthukisiwe kanye nezakhiwo, izibalo, ubuciko, izinkanyezi. Ikhalenda elibizwa ngokuthi iMeanan laliyiqiniso ngokunembile. Futhi leli akuyona ifa lonke amaNdiya asele ngemuva, owadumile njengenye yezizwe ezithuthukisiwe futhi ezinonya kunabo bonke emhlabeni.
Bangobani amaMaya?
Abantu baseMalaya - abantu baseNdiya, ababehlala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala leminyaka BC. - IImillennium AD Abacwaningi bathi inani labo lingabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu. Bahlala emahlathini, bamisa amadolobha ngamatshe kanye ne-limestone, kanti ezolimo zazilimala kancane leli zwe, lapho zihlalela ummbila, ithanga, ubhontshisi, i-cocoa, ukotini nezithelo. Inzalo yamaMaya ingamaNdiya aseCentral America nenye ingxenye yamaSpanishi emazweni aseNingizimu Melika.
AmaMaya asendulo ahlalaphi?
Isizwe esikhulu samaMaya sasihlala ensimini enkulu eMexico, eBelize naseGuatemala, entshonalanga yeHonduras nase-El Salvador (eMelika Ephakathi). Isikhungo sokuthuthukiswa kwempucuko sasenyakatho. Njengoba inhlabathi yayidlulile ngokushesha, abantu baphoqeleka ukuba bathuthele, ukushintsha izindawo zokuhlala. Amazwe ahlala kuwo ayevezwa yizindawo ezihlukahlukene zemvelo:
- enyakatho ye-limestone iPeten, lapho kusetshenzwa khona isimo sezulu eshisayo, futhi i-Alta Verapaz izintaba;
- eningizimu - uchungechunge lwezintaba-mlilo namahlathi e-coniferous;
- imifula egeleza emazweni aseMaya ithwala amanzi ayo eGulf of Mexico naseLwandle lwaseCaribbean;
- esiqhingini saseYucatan, lapho kwakususwa usawoti, isimo sezulu sinombile.
Impucuko yamaMaya - impumelelo
Isiko lamaMaya ngezindlela eziningi lidlule isikhathi salo. Kakade ku-400-250. BC abantu baqala ukwakha izakhiwo ezinkulu kanye nezinkampani zokwakha, bafinyelela ezindaweni eziphakeme ezifundweni zesayensi (astronomy, mathematics), ezolimo. Esikhathini esibizwa ngokuthi inkathi yobudala (kusukela ngo-300 kuya ku-900 AD), imiphakathi yasendulo yamaMaya yafinyelela phezulu. Abantu bathuthukisa ubuciko bokudweba e-jade, ukudweba nokudweba ubuciko, babuke izinkanyezi zasezulwini, athuthukise ukubhala. Ukuphumelela kwamaMaya kusamangalisa.
Ukwakhiwa kwamaMaya asendulo
Ekuqaleni kwesikhathi, ukungabi nobuchwepheshe besimanje, abantu basendulo bakhela izakhiwo ezimangalisayo. Izinto eziyinhloko zokwakhiwa kwakuyi-limestone, lapho i powder yenziwa khona futhi isixazululo esifana nesamente salungiswa. Ngosizo lwayo lwaluqinisa izingqimba zamatshe, futhi izindonga zamakhwala zazivikelwe ngokuqinile emswakeni nasemoyeni. Ingxenye ebalulekile yazo zonke izakhiwo kwakubizwa okuthiwa "umcibisholo weMeyi", umcibisholo wamanga - uhlobo oluthile lokuphahleni. Izakhiwo zahlukahluka kuye ngezikhathi:
- Izakhiwo zokuqala zaziyizikhungwane, zibekwe ezindaweni eziphansi, zivikela ezikhukhuleni.
- Amapiramidi okuqala aseMayan ayebuthelwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene, aphakanyiswe phezulu kwesinye.
- Esikhathini se-Golden Age sokuthuthukiswa kwamasiko kuyo yonke indawo kwakhiwa i-acropolis - izinkimbinkimbi zemikhosi, ezihlanganisa amaphiramidi, izindlu zamakhosi, ngisho nezindawo zokudlala.
- Amaphiramidi yasendulo aseMean afinyelela ngamamitha angu-60 ukuphakama futhi afana nentaba efana. Emathempelini abo aphezulu awakhiwe - asondele, angenayo amawindi, izindlu zesikwele.
- Kwamanye amadolobha, kwakukhona izindawo zokuhlola - imibhoshongo emine enekamelo lokugcina inyanga, ilanga nezinkanyezi.
Ikhalenda lempucuko yamaMaya
Isikhala sasiba nendima enkulu empilweni yezizwe zasendulo, futhi ukufezwa okuyinhloko kwamaMaya kuhlobene kakhulu nalo. Ngokususelwa kumjikelezo waminyaka yonke wonyaka, uhlelo lokulandelana kwezinhlelo lwakhiwa. Ukubhekwa kwesikhathi eside, ikhalenda ye-Long Count isetshenzisiwe. Ngezikhathi ezincane, impucuko yamaMaya yayinezikhalenda eziningana zamaSolar:
- inkolo (lapho unyaka owedlule izinsuku ezingu-260) yayinomlando wokubaluleka;
- ezingokoqobo (izinsuku ezingama-365) zisetshenziswe ekuphileni kwansuku zonke;
- ukulandelana kwezinsuku (izinsuku ezingu-360).
Izikhali zamaMaya aseMandulo
Ngokuqondene nezikhali nezikhali, imiphakathi yasendulo yamaMaya yayingakwazi ukufinyelela eziphakeme kakhulu. Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka okukhona, azizange zishintshe kakhulu, ngoba isikhathi esiningi nemizamo yamaMaya azinikezele ekuthuthukiseni ubuciko bezempi. Ezimpi nasekuzingeleni izikhali ezilandelayo zasetshenziswa:
- I-Spears (ende, ende kunomuntu, nge-tip yetshe);
- kop'emetalka - ukunamathela ngokugcizelela;
- imicibisholo;
- iminsalo nemicibisholo;
- isibhamu somoya;
- izinkomba;
- imimese;
- ibhola;
- ukudubula;
- inethiwekhi.
Amanani amaMaya asendulo
Uhlelo lokubala kwamaMaya asendulo lwalusekelwe ohlelweni olungavamile lomuntu wanamuhla ohlelweni lwemashumi amabili. Imvelaphi yayo yindlela yokubala, lapho yonke iminwe nezinzwane ezasetshenziswa khona. AmaNdiya ayenamabhlogo amane anezibalo ezinhlanu ngamunye. I-Zero yayimelwe ngesimiso ngesimo segobolondo le-oyster elibhujisiwe. Lesi sibonakaliso sisho futhi okungapheliyo. Ukurekhoda izinombolo ezisele, sasebenzisa ubhontshisi be-cocoa, amahlumela amancane, izinti, ngoba izinombolo zimelela ukuhlanganiswa kwamachashazi kanye nokudonswa. Ngosizo lwezakhi ezintathu, noma iyiphi inombolo ibhaliwe:
- iphuzu iyunithi,
- lesi sici siyisihlanu;
- lo shizi luyi-zero.
Imithi yamaMaya asendulo
Kuyaziwa ukuthi amaMaya asendulo adala impucuko ethuthukile kakhulu futhi azama ukunakekela bonke abantu bomphakathi. Ulwazi mayelana nokugcinwa kohlanzekile kanye nempilo, isetshenziselwa ukusebenza, iphakamisa amaNdiya phezu kwezinye izizwe ngaleso sikhathi. Izinkinga zemithi zaziyiziqu eziqeqeshiwe ngokukhethekile. Odokotela bazimisela ngokunembile izifo eziningi (kubandakanya isifo sofuba, izilonda, isifuba somoya, njll) futhi balwa nazo izidakamizwa, amabhati okugeza, ukungena. Izithako zemithi kwakuyi:
- utshani;
- inyama, isikhumba, imisila, izimpondo zezilwane;
- izimpaphe zezinyoni;
- Amathuluzi esandla - ukungcola, isothu.
Izinga eliphezulu kubantu bamaMaya lafinyelela amazinyo nokuhlinzwa. Ngenxa yemihlatshelo yamaNdiya, kwaziwa ukuthi umuntu wayazi kanjani, futhi odokotela bakwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ebusweni nasemzimbeni. Izindawo ezithintekayo noma lezo lapho kwakukhona ukusola kokuvuvukala kwasuswa ngommese, amanxeba ayegonywe ngenaliti enezinwele esikhundleni somucu, futhi izinto ezidakayo zasetshenziswa njenge-anesthesia. Ukuqashelwa kwezokwelapha kuyimvelo yengcebo yasendulo yaseMeya, okufanele ihlonishwe.
Ubuciko bamaMaya asendulo
Isiko lamaMaya esisezinhlangothini eziningi sakhiwe ngaphansi kwethonya lesimo sendawo yezinye izizwe: ama-Olmec namaToltecs. Kodwa uyamangalisa, ngokungafani nezinye. Iyini ehlukile kwimpucuko yamaMaya nobuciko bayo? Wonke ama-subspecies ayeqondiswa ku-elite esebusayo, okungukuthi, adalwe ukujabulisa amakhosi ukuze akhangele. Ngezinye izindlela kuthinta izakhiwo. Esinye isici: umzamo wokudala umfanekiso wendawo yonke, ikhophi encishisiwe. Ngakho amaMaya amemezela ukuvumelana kwawo nezwe. Izici ze-subspecies yobuciko zivezwe kulokhu okulandelayo:
- Umculo wawuhlobene eduze nenkolo. Kwakukhona ngisho nabankulunkulu abakhethekile abanomthwalo womculo.
- Ubuciko obudumile bufinyelele phezulu, abadlali babe ngabachwepheshe emkhakheni wabo.
- Ukudweba kwakuyiningi umdwebo odongeni. Imidwebo yayingokwemvelo noma engokomlando.
- Izihloko eziyinhloko zokudweba kuyizinkulunkulu, abapristi, amakhosi. Ngesikhathi abantu abavamile bevezwa ngendlela ethobekile.
- Ukusika kwakhiwa eMbusweni wamaMaya. Izembatho kuye ngokuthi ubulili nesimo behluke kakhulu. Ngezindwangu zabo ezinhle, abantu bahwebelana nezinye izizwe.
Imiphakathi yamaMayan yaphela kuphi?
Omunye wemibandela esemqoka izazi-mlando kanye nabacwaningi abanesithakazelo kuzo: kanjani nokuthi iziphi izizathu umbuso ophumelelayo wawa? Ukubhujiswa kwemiphakathi yamaMaya yaqala ngekhulu le-9 AD. Ezindaweni eziseningizimu, inani labantu laqala ukwehla ngokushesha, izinhlelo zokuhlinzeka ngamanzi zazingeneli. Abantu bashiya amakhaya abo, nokwakhiwa kwamadolobha amasha kwayeka. Lokhu kwaholela eqinisweni lokuthi lapho umbuso omkhulu usuphendukile waba izindawo ezihlakazekile ezazilwa empini. Ngo-1528, abaseSpain baqala ukunqoba iYucatan futhi ngekhulu le-17 banqoba ngokuphelele lesi sifundazwe.
Kungani imiphakathi yamaMaya yanyamalala?
Kuze kube manje, abacwaningi baphikisana ngokuthi yiyona eyimbangela yokufa kwesiko elikhulu. Kunamaphuzu amabili:
- Ecological, esekelwe ebhalweni lomuntu ngemvelo. Ukuxhashazwa kwesikhathi eside isikhathi somhlabathi kwaholela ekwenzeni kwabo, okwabangelwa ukuntuleka kokudla namanzi okuphuza.
- Okungokwemvelo. Ngokwale mbono, umbuso ungawa ngenxa yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu, isifo, ukunqoba noma uhlobo oluthile lwenhlekelele. Ngokwesibonelo, abanye abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi amaNdiya aseMaya angafa ngisho nangenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu esincane (ukoma, izikhukhula).
Impucuko yamaMeya - amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Akukhona nje ukunyamalala kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinye izembatho eziningi zempucuko yaseMayan zisabhubhisa izazi-mlando. Indawo yokugcina lapho kubhalwe khona ukuphila kwesizwe: enyakatho yeGuatemala. Mayelana nomlando kanye namasiko manje usitshela kuphela ukuvubukulwa kwemvelo futhi ngokusho kwabo ungakwazi ukuqoqa amaqiniso athakazelisayo ngempucuko yasendulo:
- Abantu abavela esizweni samaMaya bathanda ukungena emanzini okugeza futhi balandela ibhola. Le midlalo yayiyingxube ye basketball nebhola, kodwa ngemiphumela engathà sina - abalahlekelwayo banikelwa.
- I-Maya yayinemibono engavamile yobuhle, ngokwesibonelo, "ngefashini" yayinezinhlobonhlobo zamehlo, ikhomba izinyembezi kanye nezinhloko zokuma. Ukuze wenze lokhu, omama kusukela ebuntwaneni bafaka i-skull yengane enhlobonhlobo yezinkuni futhi bexubile phambi kwamehlo abo ukuze bafinyelele umfutho we-strabismus.
- Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi okhokho bempucuko yamaMaya aphakeme kakhulu asekhona, futhi kukhona okungenani izigidi ezingu-7 kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Amabhuku mayelana nempucuko yamaMaya
Ukuqhakaza nokunciphisa umbuso, amaphuzu angatholakali atjela imisebenzi eminingi yabalobi besikhathi esivela eRussia nakwamanye amazwe. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nabantu abantakele, ungafunda izincwadi ezilandelayo mayelana nempucuko yamaMaya:
- "Abantu bamaMaya." U-Alberto Rus.
- "Izimfihlakalo zezimpucuko ezilahlekile". I-V.I. Gulyaev.
- "AmaMaya. Ukuphila, inkolo, isiko. " URalph Whitlock.
- "AmaMaya. Impucuko ephukile. Imithetho namaqiniso ". Michael Co
- I-Encyclopedia "I-World Lost of Maya".
Impucuko yaseMayan ishiye imiphumela eminingi yamasiko kanye nezimfihlakalo ezingaphenduki nakakhulu. Ngenkathi inkinga yokuvela kwayo kanye nokwehla kwayo ayiphenduliwe. Vele ucabangele phambili. Emzamweni wokuthola izimfihlakalo eziningi, abacwaningi bahlangabezana nemfihlakalo eminye. Enye yezinguquko ezidume kunazo zonke zasendulo ihlala iyimfihlakalo kakhulu futhi ikhangayo.