I-Psychoanalysis - yikuphi, izinhlinzeko ezinkulu nezindlela

I-Psychoanalysis njengendlela ye-psychotherapy yavela eYurophu ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XIX. futhi kusukela ekuqaleni kwagxeka kakhulu abantu abaphila ngesikhathi sikaZ. Freud, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yolwazi olulinganiselwe lobuntu bomuntu kulokho okushayela khona: i-Eros (ukuphila) ne-Thanatos (ukufa), kodwa kwakukhona abalandeli nabafundi abathola ukuthi i-psychoanalysis ivela emaceleni ahlukene ngokuphelele.

Iyini i-psychoanalysis?

Ubani owasungula i-psychoanalysis - lo mbuzo ubuzwa kuphela ngabantu abade nolwazi lwengqondo. Umsunguli we-psychoanalysis yi-psychoanalyst wase-Austrian uZ. Freud, owayengumdwebi onesibindi ngesikhathi sakhe. I-Psychoanalysis (i-German Psychoanalyse, i-Greek psyche - soul, analysis - solution) iyindlela yokwelapha iziguli ezinenkinga yengqondo ( neuroses , hysteria). Okuyinhloko yale ndlela kuwukufakaza kwemicabango, amafantasti namaphupho, okuhunyushwa yi-psychoanalyst.

I-Psychoanalysis ku-Psychology

Ngesikhathi se-psychoanalysis (i-XIX - i-XX yenkulungwane yokuqala) ukwelashwa kwadlula iminyaka eminingana futhi engabizi ngalowo wonke umuntu, i-psychoanalysis yesimanje yesikhashana (amahora angu-15 kuya kwangu-30 iseshini 1 - 2 ruble ngesonto). Ngaphambilini, i-psychoanalysis yayisetshenziswa kuphela ezikhungweni zezokwelapha (ukugxila kwengqondo) ekwelapheni izinzwa, namanje ngosizo lwale ndlela kungenzeka ukuthi isebenze ngezinkinga ezahlukene zezinkinga zengqondo.

Izinhlinzeko eziyisisekelo ze-psychoanalysis:

ukuziphatha kwalowo muntu kusekelwe ekushayeni okungenangqondo okungaqondakali, okuvame ukuvela esiteji sokuqala sokuthuthukiswa (izimo ezibuhlungu zobuntwana);
Ukuqwashisa ngalezi zimoto kubangela izindlela zokuzivikela zokuzivikela;
ukungqubuzana phakathi kwezinto eziziwayo nokucindezelayo kuya ekungeneni okuholela ekungenizeni, ukucindezeleka;
ukuqaphela okwenzekayo engenalutho, ngosizo lochwepheshe, kukhulula isiguli ngethonya lokungazi lutho futhi kuholele ekutheni alulame.

I-psychoanalysis kaFreud

Ngenxa yeminyaka yokuqapha iziguli zakhe, uFreud waphawula ukuthi ukucindezeleka okunganaki kuthinta isimo sengqondo, ukuziphatha komuntu. UFrud waqalwa ngo-1932 isakhiwo esihleliwe se-psyche, ehlukanisa kuzo izinto ezilandelayo:

I-Id (it) yisifunda sokungazi lutho ekufeni nasekufeni.
Ego (I) - ukucabanga okucabangayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinqubo zokuzivikela).
I-Superego (Super-Self) iyinkambu yokungeniswa kwe-introspection, i-censor yokuziphatha (ukungeniswa kwesistimu yenani labazali).

Izindlela zikaFreud ze-psychoanalysis esiteji sokuqala zazihlanganisa nokusebenzisa i-hypnosis ukuze kutholakale izindlela ezingenalutho, kamuva umqondo wezifo zengqondo wawashiya futhi wakhula nabanye ngokuphumelelayo ekusebenziseni kwengqondo yesimanje:

ucwaningo ngezizathu zokuziphatha ngokusebenzisa izinhlangano zamahhala zesiguli;
ukuhumusha;
ukuhlaziywa "kokumelana" nokudluliselwa ";
ukutadisha.

I-Jung's Psychoanalysis

I-psychoanalysis yeJungian noma i-psychology yokuhlaziya UJung (umfundi ozithandayo kaZ. Freud, owahlukunyezwa ngenxa yemibono yakhe nge-psychoanalysis) usekelwe ezimisweni ezilandelayo:

Indoda engazi lutho esimweni esivamile isilinganisweni.
Izinkinga zivela ekungalingani, lokhu kuholela ekukhuleni kwezinkimbinkimbi eziphethe icala elibi ngokomzwelo, eliqashiwe yi-psyche engazi lutho.
Ubuntu - inqubo yokwamukelwa kwesiguli ngokuzikhethela kwakhe nokuzikhethela (ukukhuthaza ukuphulukisa), "indlela eya kuye," kwenziwa ngosizo lwe-psychoanalyst.

I-psychoanalysis ye-Lakan

UJacques Lacan uyi-psychoanalyst yaseFrance, isibalo esingaqondakali ekuziphatheni kwengqondo. ULacan wazibiza ngokuthi uFreudan futhi wagcizelela njalo ukuthi imfundiso kaFreud ayidalulwanga ngokugcwele futhi kubalulekile ukufunda njalo imibhalo yakhe ukuze aqonde imibono yakhe. ULacan wakhetha ukufundisa i-psychoanalysis ngesimo somlomo, emhlanganweni. I-Scheme "Imaginary - Symbolic - Real" Lacan ibhekwa okuyisisekelo:

ukucabanga - ukuzibonakalisa komuntu (isibuko esiteji);
ukungafani, nokuqwashisa ngakolunye uhlangothi lwesithombe soMunye, equkethe okungokomfanekiso;
empeleni - uLacan wayekholelwa ukuthi umhlangano ongokoqobo kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa ukulimala.

I-psychoanalysis ekhona

I-psychoanalysis yezinsizwa - imibono eyinhloko yabekwa ngaphansi kofilosofi nomlobi waseFrance J.P. U-Sartre, umsunguli wokugxeka kwengqondo ye-psychoanalysis futhi i-libido yase-Freudian yashintshwa yi-choice yangempela. Incazelo eyinhloko yokuhlaziywa kwe-existential ukuthi umuntu ubuqotho, ngencazelo ethile, ngaso sonke isikhathi esenza ukuzikhethela ngokuqondene nokuba khona. Ukukhetha - lokhu kubuntu obunjalo. Ukufa kuvela ekukhethweni.

Izindlela ze-psychoanalysis

I-psychoanalysis yanamuhla ishintshe ukuphathwa kweziguli, kanye nezinhlobo zokwelapha ezisebenzisiwe, kodwa amasu ayisisekelo aqhubeke asetshenziselwa ngempumelelo:

Indlela yokuhlanganiswa kwamahhala. Isiguli sigqoke embhedeni kanye namazwi yonke imicabango efika engqondweni.
Indlela yokuhumusha amaphupho. Inqubo eyintandokazi kaZ. Freud, okushiwo ukuthi amaphupho ayimgwaqo yasebukhosini eya engazi lutho.
Indlela yokuhumusha. Le nqubo ikuvumela ukuba ulethe izinqubo ezingenalutho ezingeni lokuqaphela. Isiguli (i-analysand) sithi, futhi i-psychoanalyst ihlaziya futhi iveza incazelo, okuqinisekiswa ngayo, futhi noma yiziphi izenzakalo ezihlobene nencazelo ziyakhunjulwa, noma azivunyelwe isiguli.

I-psychoanalysis yasendulo

I-psychoanalysis yama-orthodox yomuntu ngamunye noma i-Freudianism isekelwe kumasu ayisisekelo kaZ. Freud. Esikhathini samanje, akuvamile ukuthi isetshenziswe ngendlela ehlanzekile ekwelapheni, ikakhulukazi i-neo-Freudianism - ukuhlanganiswa kwamasu ezinkomba ezihlukahlukene. Umgomo we-psychoanalysis we-classic ukuxazulula izingxabano zangaphakathi, izinkimbinkimbi ezakhiwe zisencane. Indlela eyinhloko ye-Freudianism ukugeleza kwama-free association:

isiguli sinikezwa ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwelogi ukuze sisho konke okufika engqondweni yakhe, ngisho lezozinto ezibangela ukuhlazeka;
lochwepheshe uyazihlukanisa iziqephu ezingenalutho, futhi ngendlela ezwakalayo kuletha incazelo yangempela isiguli.

I-psychoanalysis yeqembu

I-Psychoanalysis eqenjini iyindlela ephumelelayo yokwelashwa esebenzisa izindlela zengqondo. I-psychotherapy yeqembu iqhaza ku:

ukuthuthukiswa kozwela ngokuzwelana kwamanye amalungu eqembu, ukwabelana ubuhlungu babo nokuhlukunyezwa kwengqondo;
ukuphulukiswa kwengqondo;
ukwamukela umuntu ngokwakhe.

I-psychoanalysis yeqembu - umqondo wethulwa yi-psychoanalyst T. Barrow ngo-1925. I-psychotherapy yeqembu lanamuhla ngumhlangano kanye ngesonto ngamahora angu-1.5 kuya kwangu-2. Izinhloso zamaqembu okuhlaziywa:

ekwakheni indawo ephephile yamalungu eqembu, lapho ungaxoxa khona ngokukhululekile ngobuhlungu;
ukuhlonza ukuphazamiseka okufihliwe okufihliwe;
ngokusebenzisa ukujula kokuxhumana ukuxazulula ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi nokuphikisana.

I-psychoanalysis yesistimu-vector

I-psychoanalysis yanamuhla yalowo muntu uyaguquka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Isazi sengqondo seSoviet V.A. I-Ganzen iqala ukuhlolwa kwe-matrices okuhlelekile, ngesisekelo lapho umfundi wakhe u-VK I-Tolkachev iqala ama-vectors angu-8 (izinhlobo) ze-psyche. Kuze kube manje, kulokhu kuqondiswa kusebenza uJ. Burlan. Ukuqhubekela phambili kusuka ku-psychoanalysis ye-system-vector, umuntu ngamunye unesimanje, esinye sezilinganiso ezingu-8:

i-muscular;
ngomlomo;
umdwebo;
okubonwayo;
i-olfactory;
i-cutaneous;
umsindo;
urethral.

Amabhuku ku-Psychoanalysis

Ukutadisha amasu kanye namasu we-psychoanalytic akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kokufunda izincwadi ezifanele. Izincwadi ezingcono kakhulu zengqondo ye-psychoanalysis:

" Psychoanalysis Humanistic " E. Ukusuka. I-anthology eyakhiwe yi-psychoanalyst yaseJalimane izoba nesithakazelo kubafundi bamanyuvesi ezisiza abantu ukutadisha i-psychoanalysis. E. Fromm ubuyekeze lezizinto eziyaziwayo ekuziphatheni kwengqondo njenge-Electra ne-Oedipus eyinkimbinkimbi, i-narcissism, izisusa zezisusa ezingaziwa.
" Ego kanye nezinqubo zokuzivikela kwengqondo " A. Freud. Le ncwadi yindodakazi ye-psychoanalyst edumile, oqhubeka nomsebenzi kayise emkhakheni we-psychoanalysis yengane. Le novel ichaza indlela entsha ekudaluleni ingqondo yomntwana yangaphakathi.
"I- Archetype ne-Symbol " ngu-K.G. Jung. Kumuntu ngamunye, i-archetypes ye-collective unconscious ifihlwe: Umuntu, i-Anima ne-Animus, i-Shadow, i-Self ne-Ego.
" Ukugijima nezimpisi " I-archetype yama-Female emlandweni kanye nezinganekwane. KP. Estes. Isitayela se-Psychoanalytic, esekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwezinganekwane. Umlobi ubonisa ukuthi abesifazane babheka ngaphakathi futhi bathola ukuthi ingxenye yemvelo, engokwemvelo futhi engavinjelwe ekhohliwe.
" Uqamba amanga embhedeni " ngu-I. Yal. I-psychoanalyst enekhono eliphumelelayo liphumelele emisebenzini yabalobi. Amahlaya angcolile nezikhathi ezivusa amadlingozi, ezithathwe emisebenzini yazo - umfundi ubona ukuthi i-psychoanalyst ingumuntu ofanayo enezinkinga zakhe.

Amabhayisikobho mayelana ne-psychoanalysis

I-Psychoanalysis - isihloko esithakazelisayo kubaqondisi abaningi abakhulu nalabo abathanda ukwazi ngokwabo amafilimu angokwengqondo banesithakazelo esikhulu, ngokuvamile ngemva kokubukela amafilimu anjalo, kunemininingwane eyasiza ekuqaliseni izinkinga zezinkinga. Amafilimu nge-psychoanalysis, afanele ukunakwa:

"Ikamelo leNdodana / La stanza del figlio" . I-psychoanalyst yase-Italy uGivanni inakho konke okusemandleni, kuyadingeka emsebenzini wakhe, kodwa kwenzeka inhlekelele - indodana yabulawa kwathi uGiovanni uzama ukuthola incazelo.
«I-Psychoanalyst / Shrink» . UHenry Carter uyimpumelelo ye-psychoanalyst, kuye ohlwini lokulinda lwabahlonishwayo, kodwa empilweni yakhe siqu konke akuyona into elula. Unkosikazi kaHenry uphela ukuzibulala, futhi i-psychoanalyst isifinyelele esiphethweni sokuthi ngeke esakwazi ukusiza iziguli zakhe.
"Indlela Eyingozi . " Isikripthi sefilimu sisekelwe ebuhlotsheni bangempela nophikisana phakathi kukaZ. Freud, umfundi wakhe uK. Jung nesiguli uSabina Spielrein.
"Iziguli / Ukwelapha" . Uchungechunge, uchungechunge ngalunye lapho luyisiqephu se-psychotherapy, ngokusetshenziswa kwamasu ahlukene e-classical kanye ne-psychoanalysis phakathi kwabo. Ifilimu iyoba usizo kokubili kwabangqondo bezinsizakalo kanye nabantu abanentshisekelo yengqondo.
"Lapho uNietzsche ekhala . " Ifilimu mayelana nokubunjwa kwengqondo ye-psychoanalysis eYurophu, isekelwe encwadini yodumo lwe-psychoanalyst eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Hungarian psychoanalyst Irvin Yalom.