I-Eugenics - imfundiso yokuthuthukisa ukuzalwa komuntu, uhlobo lokukhethwa okukuvumela ukuba ulawule i-gene pool. Kwakuyintandokazi ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, lezi zikhundla zazisetshenziswa amaNazi eHitler eJalimane, okwahlukanisa umphakathi kubo. Kodwa ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane leminyaka, ososayensi baphinde babika izinzuzo zalo mfundiso yesayensi.
Ama-Eugenics - yikuphi lokhu?
Imithetho eyinhloko ye-eugenics yatholwa kuqala ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 nguNgqongqoshe wezengqondo waseNgilandi uFrancis Galton. Ekhulwini lama-20, abanye ohulumeni baqaphele le mfundiso ukuze basebenzise, kodwa izimiso zokuziphatha nokuntuleka kokusebenza okuphakeme ekusebenzeni kwaba yisithiyo. I-Eugenics yisayensi ebeka izimiso zokuziphendulela, ososayensi bahlukanisa izinhlobo eziningana:
- Biomedical . Ukungenelela kwezakhi zofuzo kuthonya ukusinda kanye nempilo yabantu.
- Ukucwaswa . Ukubhujiswa kwamaqembu akhethiwe abantu.
- Ukucindezeleka . Ukucindezelwa komphakathi kwafaka imibono ngokuphoqa.
Inani lalo ligcinwe kuma-eugenics ezayo yezinto eziphilayo, okuvumela:
- gwema ukubeletha izingane ezineziphene;
- ukuhlola imibhangqwana emisha ngokungajwayelekile;
- yenza ibhange lesidoda namaqanda amanani adumile.
Evgenika - "for" futhi "ngokumelene"
Ucwaningo lwama-eugenics? Le sayensi ihlola ukubonakaliswa kwezici ezithile noma izakhi zofuzo endaweni ethile. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ama-gene frequencies ashintsha uma:
- izinguquko;
- ukukhethwa kwemvelo noma okufakelwayo;
- Inhlanganisela engahleliwe yezakhi zofuzo kubambisene;
- ukufuduka.
Ama-Eugenics ayisebenzisi kuphela, kodwa futhi afundisa ngokuyingozi. Okuhlangenwe nakho kuye kwabonisa ukuthi umqondo wokwakha isizwe esingaphezu komuntu wakhanga ososayensi abaningi namanani avela emazweni ahlukene. Kodwa lokhu okuthakazelisayo kwakuwumkhiqizo wohlanga kanye nobudlova. Abacwaningi bazama ukwehlukanisa izikhundla:
- Isici esihle . Njalo ngonyaka, umthwalo wezakhi zofuzo ukwandisa emphakathini, ungasizwa yi-eugenics: ukukhipha isisu, ukuhlaziywa kwezinhlobo zezinhlekelele.
- Isici esibi . Kuze kube manje, ayikho incazelo yokuthi kungani iziphambeko zizuzwa njengefa lapho umphakathi uhlale ufuna ukuziqeda khona.
Eugenics enhle nehle
Izitatimende eziphathelene nezinzuzo nezingozi zokusetshenziswa okusebenzayo kwalezi zikhundla zakha izihlobo ezinjalo ze-eugenics:
- Okuhle. Ukuthuthukiswa kohlanga lomuntu ngokufinyelela ezingeni labameli abakhulu.
- Okubi. Ukususwa kwi-gene pool yabathwali beziphambeko zefa.
Ama-eugenics angalungile athola idumela elidume kakhulu, ababusi base-United States babokuqala ukulwa nomonakalo wesintu ngokusebenzisa ubudlova ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. E-Indiana, kwakunomthetho wokuqothulwa ngokweqile kwabadakwa, abagula ngengqondo nezigebengu ezinzima, kamuva wabizwa ngokuthi "amaNdiya." Kwaphela iminyaka engu-26 yayisetshenziswa emazweni amane, kodwa ngaphandle kokusebenza kahle.
Eugenics enhle
I-eugenics enhle ikhuthaza ukuzalwa kwenzalo ngezakhi zofuzo ezingcono, kodwa ayizange ithole uhlelo oluhlukile lokuthuthukiswa, njengoba lungazange lufakwe:
- incazelo ecacile yokuthi yiziphi izimpawu ezifiselekayo futhi ezingekho;
- izindlela eziphumelelayo;
- ulwazi lwezakhi zofuzo eziyigugu.
Ngakho-ke, izinyathelo ze-eugenic zisalokhu zilinganiselwe kuphela ukuzama ukuvimbela ukudluliselwa kwama-pathologies obukhulu kakhulu. Umlando unezibonelo ezimbili zalolu hlelo lokusebenza oluphumelelayo:
- Uhlelo lokuvimbela i-thalassemia, ebizwa nangokuthi isifo se-sickle cell, eSardinia.
- Ukuhlanzwa kwemishado kwa-Israyeli, lokhu kwenziwa yinhlangano ekhethekile. Lokhu kwakudingeka ngokubonakaliswa okukhazimulayo emindenini yegciwane iThea-Saks, elizalwa kumaJuda kuphela. Lokhu kubangela ukuzalwa kwezinsana ezigula kakhulu, uma umbhangqwana ukhonjiswe isakhi sofuzo, zidangele emshadweni.
Ama-eugenics angalungile
I-eugenics engalungile ine-postulates ecacile, ngoba izimpawu ezingadingeki kulula ukuchaza. I-genetics yabo ihlolisiswa kangcono ososayensi, okusiza ukugwema ukubonakaliswa okunjalo. Kodwa lesi siqondiso sizenzele ukuzibonakalisa kobudlova ekusebenzeni:
- ukubhujiswa kwezinhlaka ezingezona ezithandanayo zomphakathi eJalimane yamaNazi;
- umthetho onzalo;
- ukuvinjelwa ngokuqinile kwemishado.
Inhloso yalezi zindlela ukukhipha izakhi zofuzo ezingafuneki, kodwa ukufakelwa kuholele ezinkulungwaneni zezinhlekelele zomuntu siqu. Kuze kube manje, akukho datha ecacile, ukuthi ngabe lezo zindlela zasiza ukukhula ukhula "udoti wezakhi zofuzo" emncintiswaneni wama-Aryans ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule. Kodwa ukwehla kwephesenti lokuzalwa kwezingane ezinesithuthwane eSweden, lapho ekhulwini leshumi nesishiyagalombili umthetho ongokoqobo emshadweni wabantu abanesi sifo kutholakala, abacwaningi babhala.
Ubuhlanga kanye nama-eugenics
Abantu bavame ukubheka ukucwasa ngokobuhlanga kanye nezimfundiso ezifanayo ze-eugenics, kodwa lokhu akunjalo. I-Eugenics, njengeyisayensi, ihlakulela izindlela zokuthuthukisa izimfanelo zobuntu ezithintekayo futhi ivimbela ukuwohloka kwezidakamizwa zamafuzo. Futhi ngesisekelo sobandlululo - izinsolo zokungafani kwezinhlanga ezithile, kuphela ngesisekelo somunye umbala wesikhumba, umbala wezinwele noma amehlo, ubuzwe bobuzwe obuthile. Impilo, ikhono , ikhono - lokho okuhlonishwa ekukhetheni kwe-eugenics, ubandlululo buyawukulahla ngokuphelele.
Izinkinga zokuziphatha ze-eugenics
Inkinga ye-eugenics ibizwa ngokuthi i-ethical, ngoba ukulondoloza impilo yabantwana abanezakhi eziguquguqukayo futhi buthakathaka ngokomzimba kuyathinteka ekuthintekeni kwegesi. Kukhona ukuphikisana: izimiso zokubambisana kwabantu zivikela noma yiziphi izimpilo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo ziholela ekuhlaleni kwabantu. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi uma ukulawulwa kwezakhi zofuzo kusiza ukusindisa isintu ekuphefumuleni nasezifo, zonke izindlela zilungile. Abaningi abacwaningi abasisekeli imibono enjalo ye-eugenics, bakholelwa ukuthi kubalulekile ukufeza ngcono, hhayi ukubhubhisa.
Ama-Eugenics - amaqiniso athakazelisayo
Ama-Eugenics ezweni lanamuhla athole uhlelo lokusebenza kwezobuchwepheshe bezakhi zofuzo - ukuthuthukiswa kwezindlela zokunciphisa izifo zofuzo . Ngosizo lwezimiso eziyisisekelo zalesi sivivinyo, okulandelayo kuthuthukiswa:
- ekwelapheni kofuzo;
- ukulungisa i-genome yamaqanda;
- ukukhipha i-cloning.
Indlela ehlakaniphile yakha isayensi ebizwa ngokuthi "ama-eugenics amasha". Ukusekela ukusetjenziswa ngokufaneleko kwemigomo eyisisekelo kuyindaba ekhangako. Kuze kube phakathi neminyaka engama-60 yekhulu leminyaka elidlule, iSingapore yayiyingxenye yamazwe ompofu kakhulu emhlabeni wesithathu, kodwa emva kwamashumi eminyaka eminyaka yaphenduka amandla amakhulu. Konke lokhu - ngenxa yenqubomgomo yomphakathi, izinhlangano ezikhethekile zakha imishado esekelwe ezingeni lobuhlakani, lapho intsha isebenza kahle kwengqondo nabahlengikazi.
Izingane ezizalwa ngamabhangqwana anesipho sinelungelo lokukhulula imfundo, zenza umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu. Isibindi esihle saba yimigomo enjalo, ebolekwa eugenics:
- abesifazane abangenayo imfundo ephakeme bakhokha imali yokuzalwa kwengane yesibili;
- imibhangqwana engafundile futhi engalungile eqeqeshwe inikezwa inzalo, isinxephezelo kwakuyizindlu ezintsha;
- umbhangqwana ofundele futhi onempilo kwadingeka ukuba abelethe izingane okungenani ezintathu, okwakukhona kuwo amalungelo avela kuhulumeni.
Ama-Eugenics - izincwadi
Imithetho ye-eugenics yakhanga abacwaningi abaningi bamazwe ahlukene. Okuthandwa kakhulu namuhla:
- "Ama-eugenics aseRussia" u- Vladimir Avdeev. Umbhali ubeka zonke izikhundla ezikhona zale mfundiso, ukuze umfundi abe nombono wakhe kuma-eugenics eRussia.
- "I-Transaevolution. Isikhathi sokubhujiswa kwabantu " uDaniel Estulin. Le ncwadi inikelwe kwi-cryptopolitics eyimfihlo yabaholi bamazwe amaningi.
- "Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo esikhathini esizayo. I-Eugenics yekhulu lama-XXI " nguJohn Glad. Izinyathelo eziyinhloko zokunyakaza kwe-eugenic, indima yayo ekudalweni komuntu wesizukulwane esilandelayo, zichazwe.