Indlela yokutshala ugwayi - yini oyidingayo ukuze uthole ukunambitheka okucebile?

Noma yimuphi umkhiqizo wensimu udinga indlela eyodwa yokuthola isivuno esihle. Ngisho nabantu abajwayele indlela yokutshala ugwayi bangenza amaphutha uma bekhetha indawo kusayithi noma imvamisa yokunisela, okuzobe kuthinta kamuva ikhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa.

Luhlobo luni lwegwayi oluzokhula?

Lesi sitshalo singaba njalo noma sonyaka. Kungenxa yomndeni waseSanceceae futhi utshalwa ukukhiqiza izinto eziwusizo - amaqabunga omisiwe futhi asetshenziselwa ukugcwalisa ugwayi namapayipi. Ngaphambi kokutshala kuyadingeka ukhethe, yikuphi uhlobo lwegwayi olungcono ukukhula, ukuqhubeka nokuvela kuzo:

1. Ugwayi u-rustic. Imakhorka ejwayelekile, njengoba ibizwa nangokuthi, ikhula ibe ngu-120 cm futhi iqukethe i-nicotine encane izikhathi eziningana kunezinhlobo zezintombi. Izimbali eziphuzi ziphethe i-corolla nge-tube encane kanye ne-lobes eyindilinga. Phakathi nebhande eliphakathi naseningizimu, ama-lekhorka asekhulile kusukela ngekhulu le-19, kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala ezifudumele kuze kufike ekwindla. Izinhlobo zalolu hlobo - Ostrolist 316, Samsun 85, Turkish, Durman.
2. Ugwayi uyintombi. Kubizwa nangokuthi "ugwayi wangempela" (Nicotiana tabacum) ngenxa yokuthi ukunambitheka kwawo kunamandla kakhulu. Isici esibaluleke kakhulu esichaza indlela yokutshala izinhlobo zegwayi zalesi sigaba kubhekwa njengezindawo eziphakeme ze-thermophilic. Amahlumela azonikeza kuphela ezindaweni ezinomswakama ophezulu noma ehlobo elishisayo. Lesi sigaba sibandakanya i- "Jubilee New 142", "Trapezond 92", "Trapezond Kubanets" ne "Pehlets".

Ukutshala ugwayi

Ingxenye eyikhulu yehektha lomhlaba ingaqoqa u-40 kg wezinto zokugqoka zikagwayi, ngenxa yokuthi umbhede ojwayelekile udla kuphela 8 kg ngonyaka. Ukutshala ugwayi nokuwunakekelwa kwenziwa, ngokusekelwe ekutheni uhlwanyela. Kuye kwaqalwa ngokucophelela ukuthi uma itshalwe ngqo emhlabathini, lesi sitshalo sivinjelwe kakhulu ekukhuleni futhi sikhiqiza isivuno esinganaki. Ngakho-ke, ugwayi uhlwanyelwe ngokusebenzisa izithombo kanje:

1. Ugwayi for izithombo kuhlwanyelwa ekuqaleni-maphakathi no-February ekhaya. Ngaphambi kwalokhu, imbewu igonywa emanzini usuku, lapho ungangezela khona i-potassium permanganate encane ukuze uhlaziye imithi.
2. Imbewu ihlanzwa izikhathi ezingu-2-3 futhi yomisiwe.
3. Umhlabathi ukhululekile ngokukhululekile, ngoba kungenzeka ukutshala ugwayi kuphela emhlabathini ogcwele umoya-mpilo.
4. Ebhokisini noma epotsheni ye-peat 4-5 cm inhlabathi iyathululelwa, kodwa ukujula kwembewu akumele kudlule u-0.5 cm.
5. Emva kokutshala imbewu, bafafaza umhlaba futhi banisela kakhulu. Ibhokisi lihlanganiswe nefilimu: amahlumela ngaphansi kwawo ayobonakala ezinsukwini ezingu-6-10, kuye ngokuthi izinga lokushisa lomoya lisegumbini.
6. Uma kunesidingo, inhlabathi ithululelwa ukuze ifinyelele emaqabunga e-cotyledon, ngaphandle kwalokho amahlumela azofa.

Uhlelo lokutshala ugwayi

Ngokuqondene nanoma yiliphi iloli - ukubekwa okulula kwemigqa ukuze kusetshenziswe kalula, ukukhululeka noma ukufakelwa kabusha uma kunesidingo. Ukutshala ugwayi endaweni evulekile kulesi sayithi kumele kulungiswe zonke izici ezingenhla. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuhlela imibhede:

1. Imiswe okwesikhashana. Amabanga anokukhula okulinganiselwe angatshalwa ezindlini zokugcina izithombo emabhokisini omculo anezimbobo ezingaphansi. Lolu khetho lufanelekile ukukhula ngenkathi ebandayo, uma uhlela ukuvuna kabili ngonyaka.
2. I-Horizontal. Ukujwayela ukuhlala emhlabathini ovulekile akufanele kube nesimo esiyindilinga, ngoba ukutshala ugwayi emakhakheni asetshenziswa ngendlela engafanele endaweni yendawo. Imigqa eqondile ingahlukaniswa yimingcele ukuze lula ukuchelela.

Ubude bokutshala ugwayi

Iphethini lokusabalalisa lamahlumela emva kokukhula likhethiwe kuye ngokuthi yiliphi ibanga elingelayo. Ngaphambi kokutshala izithombo zikagwayi, kudingeka ukhethe ibanga phakathi kwamagquma, ngoba zilungele kusengaphambili. Ekwindla zihlanzwa kahle ukhula futhi zifakwe izithasiselo eziphilayo nge potassium kanye ne-magnesium. Emahlumela entwasahlobo afakwa enhlabathini kwenye yezinhlobo ezimbili:

1. 70x100 cm. Ibanga eliphakathi kwezitshalo libhekwa njengelungile ezinhlobonhlobo zezintombi ezibonakala ngokukhula okunamandla. Zinezimpande ezinamandla, ezijwayele ukuhlunga, ezingavinjelwa ngokukhulisa ibanga phakathi kwemigqa.
2. 50x30 cm Izinhlobo ze-Tuber ziyi-deterministic, ngakho-ke isimiso sabo sempande se-compact sinamaphesenti angu-50 phakathi kwemigqa no-30 cm phakathi kwezitshalo.

Isikhathi sokutshala itekisi elibhemayo

Izithombo kufanele zihanjiswe emhlabathini ovulekile uma zikhona kakade amaqabunga 3-4 zangempela esiqwini. Ngokujwayelekile, iminyaka yesitshalo ngalesi sikhathi yizinsuku ezingu-40-45. Amaqabunga omuthi kagwayi angatholakala ngokudlulisa amahlumela emhlabathini eneminyaka engu-30, njengoba kwenziwa kwezinye izindawo zaseMelika. Isikhathi esiqondile sokutshala ugwayi sibalwa ngokucabangela indawo yokukhula:

1. Eningizimu, ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo ikuvumela ukuba ufakelwe ukuqala kokuqala ngoMashi 2-3. Ukushisa okuncane isitshalo akudingekile.
2. Ebandleni eliphakathi, ugwayi utshalwe izithombo kamuva futhi udluliselwe emhlabathini ovulekile ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi - ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli.
3. Ezindaweni ezibandayo, ugwayi ungakhula ezindaweni zokugcina zokushisa, ukukhansela isikhathi sokufakelwa kokufika ngosuku oluthile ngenxa yezimo ezilinganisiwe.

Izimo zokutshala ugwayi

Ukwaziswa ngesimiso sokutshala nokunakekela izithombo akwanele ukuthola isivuno esigcwele. Ithonya elikhulu kakhulu ekunakekeleni kweqabunga linikezwa ngumthetho wokukhula ngokususa amaqabunga afile futhi afile, ukukhishwa okwesikhashana kwezimbali. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungakanani ongathanda ukubhema ugwayi endaweni yendawo yasemadolobheni enezinkinga ezimbi, kunezimo ezingenakuvunyelwa:

1. Umswakama. Uma ukuchelela kunganele ngenxa yehlobo elomile, ama-humidifiers noma nebulizers afakwe engadini. Abanikazi bezitshalo, abanethemba lokuthi bangakhula kanjani ugwayi, basebenzisa imali eningi ekufakeni amadivaysi anjalo, kanti abalimi abangenalwazi abakwazi ngisho nokucabanga ukuthi ukugcoba kubalulekile kanjani ijusi nenhlaka lamaqabunga.
2. Ukulungiswa kokukhula. Stephens kanye namaqabunga kufanele asuswe, ukuze wonke ama-juice afike ekukhuleni kweqabunga. Ugwayi uqala ukuvuthwa phansi kwesitshalo, ngakho-ke ungakwazi ukusinda kalula kuze kufike ezinqeni ezinhlanu zamaqabunga. Uma ezinye zazo zonakalisiwe, zisuswa ngesikhathi sokuvuna.

Ukushisa kukagwayi kukhula

Esikhathini ngasinye sesitshalo sokuvuthwa kwezitshalo, udinga ukushisa kombuso othile. Emhlabathini ovulekile kunzima ukulawula kusuka ngaphandle - isibonelo, ngenkathi kutshalwa ugwayi wendawo (makhorka) emgwaqeni ophakathi. Ngakho-ke abalimi bazama ukushintsha izinguquko zokushisa kwemvelo ngokucabangela ukuthi:

• Izithombo kumele zisuswe emva kokufakelwa kwesitshalo ku-20-22 ° C;
• ukuthuthukiswa kwamahlamvu amakhulu kuqala ngo-25-28 ° C;
• I-cropping iphetha lapho izinga lokushisa liwehla ku-15-18 ° C.

Ukutshala ugwayi ezweni - inhlabathi

E-Cuba naseMelika, umhlaba wokutshala izithombo awukaze uphathwe ngamatrakta, ngoba nawo ahlangene nomhlabathi. Lapho ugwayi utshalwa khona, umanyolo, ukuchelela nokuqoqwa kwenziwa ngesandla kuphela ngesizathu esifanayo. E-dacha ungaphinda izimo ezifanayo ngokudala imigqa evulekile ukuze unganyatheli phansi eduze kwezitshalo ngenkathi uhambahamba ensimini. Ukunakekelwa kwenhlabathi kuhlinzekela ukuhambisana nemithetho enjalo:

1. Sebenzisa njengama-humus ogwayi wonyaka odlule kanye nezimpande ezisele ngemuva kokuvuna.
2. Lawula ngaphezu kweklorine enhlabathini. Ukuqhathaniswa kwalo kuvezwa yi-leaf lethargy emahlumela ngisho nalapho esesithunzi. Ungawususa ngokufaka isihlabathi esiqongweni esiphezulu somhlabathi bese ukhulula.
3. Ukuqaphela ukujula kokulima. Izwe lokutshala kufanele libe nesisindo esingama-20-25 cm.

Ukunakekela ugwayi

Lapho imbewu isifinyelela ukuphakama kwama-25 cm, iqala ukudinga isithunzi ukuze unike leli qabunga ukunambitheka okunamandla kanye ne-flavour elicashile. Ngemuva kokufika emhlabathini, ukunakekelwa kwegwayi elimnandi: udinga ukwakhiwa kwe-awning noma indawo yokukhosela phezu kwemibhede ukudala umthunzi ezinsukwini ezishisa kakhulu. Ukwenza kube yithembekile, kubalulekile ukugcina izimo ezithile:

1. Emaphethelweni ombhede kufanele kugoqwe izingqwembe ezingu-4 zokuqina okwanele ukulwa nesisindo somswakama owenziwe ngendwangu encane noma ifilimu.
2. Amaphegi adinga ukubhapathizwa ekujuleni okungama-5-7 cm, ngakho-ke akudingeki ucabange ukuthi ungakhula kanjani ugwayi ngaphansi kwetende eliwela njalo.
3. Qinisa "imilenze" ingaba ngaphezu kwalokho ngosizo lwamatshe noma igravel, ithululelwe emgodini wokufaka.
4. Kulezi zikhonkwane, ngemuva kokuqedela lezi zindlela zokuhamba, ucezu lwendwangu noma ifilimu ebonakalayo lendlula ngaphezu kobukhulu besigodi.

Ukutshala ugwayi ensimini - ukuchelela

Ngokuphambene nalokho ukuthi lesi siko siyakuthanda ukuchelela okunomlando ngesikhathi sokuhluma, sithanda ukukhula enhlabathini enomswakama kodwa hhayi emanzini. Kubaluleke kakhulu indlela yokunisela. I-jet of water eqondiswa ngaphansi kwezimpande, iyifaka futhi iholele esi sifo ngefungus. Kuzo zonke izincwadi ezitshela indlela yokutshala ugwayi ngokubhema ensimini, kuboniswa ukuthi kufanele iphuze ngamanzi. Ukuphalaza ngohlobo lweshawa esincane esivela esitokisini se-spray kwenziwa ukuze amanzi afinyelele ku-stem namaqabunga.

Ukunakekela izithombo zikagwayi - ukugqoka okuphezulu

Izimpande zesitshalo zinamandla kakhulu kangangokuthi zidinga ukugqoka okuphezulu okuyinkimbinkimbi, ngakho yonke imizamo kufanele ihloselwe ukusheshisa ukuthuthukiswa kwamaqabunga nokwandisa indawo yabo. Ukutshala nokutshala ugwayi kuhambisana nokuchelela ngezingubo ezilandelayo ezengeziwe:

• i-phosphorus;
• i-ammonium nitrate ;
• izinyoni zezinyoni;
• i-sulphate noma i-potassium chloride.

Ukutshala ugwayi ezweni - izifo nezinambuzane

Ngaphandle kwezilonda ze-fungal evamile ezitshalweni ze-horticultural, kunezinye izingozi ezitsheni namaqabunga. Ukuqonda indlela yokutshala ugwayi ugwayi noma ugwayi ekhaya, kubalulekile ukuthi ukwazi ukuwuvikela ezigayini nezinye izifo ezihlobene. Phakathi kwabo, okulimazayo kakhulu kukhona:

1. Izimpande ezimnyama zibolile. Ithinta izitshalo ezincane, ngenxa yalokho amahlumela abuna futhi aphelile, futhi empandeni yamaphuzu avela omnyama.
2. Bronze of utamatisi. Isifo sezithombo zotamatisi sithinta nokubhema: kulesi sitshalo kubonakala izindandatho kanye nama-arcs - umkhondo wokufa kwesisindo esincane.
3. Izimpande ezomile zibola. Yonke insimu iyaqonda ukuthi kunzima kanjani ukutshala ugwayi uma izimpande zayo zisa kancane kancane. Ukuma ubomile, ukuphazamisa ukuthuthwa komswakama kanye nezakhi.
4. Umlenze omnyama. Lesi sifo sinciphisa isitshalo, okwenza sibe buthakathaka futhi siphume. Isisekelo saleso sitshalo siba mnyama njengoba i-microorganism iqala ngaphansi kwegama elithi Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn.