I-pneumonia, izimpawu zazo eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene zingazibonakalisa ngezindlela ezahlukene, ukulimala okukhulu kwamaphaphu. Lesi sifo sinobuhlobo obuthakathaka nokuvuvukala. Njengomthetho, zonke izakhi zamathambo eziphazamisi zihileleke kulo, futhi uma ukwelashwa kwesifo kungasetshenziswanga, kungabangela imiphumela embi.
Iyini inyumoniya, futhi kuyingozi kangakanani?
Ukuvuvukala kuqala ngenxa yomsebenzi wama-microorganisms we-pathogenic. Lesi sifo esivamile, okusho, ngokusho kwezibalo, sitholakala kubantu abangu-12-14 kusuka ku-1000. Uma uthola lesi sifo ngesikhathi futhi uqale ukuphatha kahle, ukubhekana nokuvuvukala akunzima kakhulu, kodwa akunakwenzeka njalo ukuthatha izinyathelo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kuze kube manje, izifo zenyumoniya yisifo esibulalayo.
Iyini ingozi ye-pneumonia? Izinhlobo ezimbi zalesi sifo zingaholela ekubhujisweni kwezicubu zamaphaphu, futhi imiphumela yezinyosi idala ukungaqiniseki kwenhliziyo, i-hepatic, inkohliso nokuphefumula, ukushaqeka okubangelwa uketshezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimbangela ze-pneumonia kanye nezinkinga ezingekho-pulmonary:
- i-encephalitis;
- i-hepatitis;
- i-sepsis;
- i-meningitis;
- i-otitis media;
- i-anemia;
- i-mastoiditis;
- i-psychosis.
I-Pneumonia - Izinhlobo
Abantu abadala nezingane bangathinteka yizinhlobonhlobo zezifo. Izinhlobo zokuvuvukala kwamapayipi zinqunywa kuye ngezici ezihlukahlukene:
- i-etiology ye-pathogen ebangela lesi sifo;
- izinga eliyinkimbinkimbi yesifo;
- ukwakheka kwenqubo yokuvuvukala;
- isigaba somtholampilo seziguli.
I-pneumonia yokugxila
Lena enye yezinhlobo zokuvuvukala okunzima. I-Focal pneumonia, izimpawu zazo ezibonakalayo ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, kubonakala ukuqala kwenqubo yokuvuvukala ezindaweni ezinganiselwe zamathishu emaphaphu. Njengomthetho, kuthinta izingxenye ezincane zesakhiwo - ama-lobulatory lobules. Ukuvuvukala okugxile kwamapayipi kubantu abadala kwenzeka ezimweni eziningi.
I-croupous pneumonia
Ngalolu hlobo lwesifo, inqubo enkulu yokuvuvukala yomhlaba ibonakala. I-croupous pneumonia kubantu abadala ihambisana ne-syndrome ephawulekayo yokudakwa. Ezimweni eziningi, kuhlanganiswa nezinguquko zesimanje ezenzeka ezingxenyeni zangaphakathi. Uma isiguli singatholi ukwelashwa okufika ngesikhathi, i-pathology ingaholela ekufeni kwakhe okusheshayo ngenxa ye-hypoxia yobuchopho noma ukuhluleka kwe-cardiovascular and respiratory.
I-croupous pneumonia, izimpawu zazo ezibizwa kakhulu, ziqala ngezigaba ezine:
- Ukulala izinsuku ezingu-1-3, okukhuliswa ngazo i-alveoli, futhi zibuthelela i-exudate.
- Ihlala izinsuku ezingu-3-5. Phakathi nalesi sikhathi, umoya oshiya e-alveoli ususwa esikhundleni se-effusion ene-fibroous iqukethe i-leukocytes, amangqamuzana egazi abomvu, amaseli e-epithelial.
- Ama-leukocyte aqala ngokuyinhloko ekudleni.
- Ifika ngosuku lwama-7-11. Inqubo yokuvuselela i-fibrin iqala.
I-unilateral pneumonia
Lolu hlobo lwesifo lubonakala ngokuthuthukiswa kwenqubo yokuvuvukala emaphashini owodwa kuphela. I-pneumonia esebenzayo esekelwe ngakwesokudla ivela kaningi ngaphezu kwe-pneumonia esehlangene kwesokunxele. Isizathu siwukuthi i-bronchus elungile itholakale ngokucophelela ukusuka phezulu phezulu, futhi ama-microorganisms e-pathogenic afuna ukuqoqa kuwo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isitho sincane futhi sifushane kunokushiya. Ukuvimbela izinkinga, ngokushesha izimpawu ze-pneumonia ezisekelwe ngakwesokudla ziqala ukubonakalisa, ngokushesha kuyadingeka ukuba uhlolwe kahle.
I-pneumonia emibili
Lesi yisifo esiyingozi se-pulmonary pathology, esibonakala ngokunqotshwa kokubili kwamapayipi angakwesobunxele nangakwesokudla. Ezimweni eziningi, i-pneumonia yomhlaba iwumphumela wokusebenza kwamabhaktheriya e-pneumococcal. Lesi sifo sinzima kakhulu, ngokuvamile sinikeza izinkinga, okuyinto ngezinye izikhathi eziholela ekufeni. I-pneumonia esebenzayo ingabonakalisa izimpawu emzimbeni weziguli zanoma yimuphi ubudala, kodwa njengomthetho, kubalulekile ukuhlupheka kaningi kulabo abanegciwane lesandulela ngculaza abangakhiwanga ngokugcwele noma ababuthakathaka.
I-pneumonia - Izimbangela
Izinqubo zokuvuvukala ziqala ngenxa yezifo ezihlukahlukene zegciwane. Lezi zinsuku ziholela ekuvuvukeni kwepheshana eliphezulu lokuphefumula futhi zenze izimo ezikhululekile zokukhiqiza amabhaktheriya. Kulula nje, izimbangela eziyinhloko ze-pneumonia ziyi-pathogens. Izici ezinquma ukutheleleka kwe-pneumonia yizi:
- izifo ezingapheli (inhliziyo, izinso, amaphaphu);
- i-anesthesia ejwayelekile;
- ukuzivivinya umzimba;
- ukuguga (iziguli ezingaphezu kuka-60 kanye ne-pneumonia kungenzeka ukuthi zigula);
- ekwenzeni inqubo yokungenisa umoya emaphashini;
- ukuhlukunyezwa kwe-nikotine nokuphuza utshwala;
- ukucindezeleka;
- umonakalo owenziwe ngomshini esifubeni;
- i-oncology;
- ukuphumula okulele isikhathi eside.
I-agent causative of pneumonia
Cishe njalo i-causative agent iyangena emaphashini ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuphefumula. Ezimweni ezingavamile, ukutheleleka kwenzeka ngegazi kusuka kwamanye ama-foci okutheleleka emzimbeni. Lapho i-microorganism i-pathogenic ingeniswa emathangeni amaphaphu, ukuvuvukala kuyaqala, futhi amangqamuzana egazi ane macrophages athambekele kuyo, ukuqoqwa kokuqedwa kwamanzi kuqala.
Ngaphandle komsebenzi wezintambo ze-Klebsiella, i-pneumonia ingaqala ngenxa yezifo ezinjalo:
- i-pneumococcus ;
- i-staphylococci;
- i-legionella ;
- induku ye-hemophilic;
- E. coli;
- I-Chlamydia;
- moraxelles;
- streptococcus;
- i-aspergillus;
- i-pneumocyst;
- isikhunta se-Candida;
- amagciwane omkhuhlane, i-parainfluenza, i- rhinovirus .
Izimpawu ze-pneumonia
Ukubonakaliswa kwe-pneumonia kungase kuhluke. I-symptomatology incike ezintweni ezihlukahlukene:
- imbangela yokugula;
- iminyaka yesiguli;
- impilo jikelele yesiguli;
- izifo ezithintekayo.
Izimpawu ze-pneumonia zingachazwa noma ziphelelwe amandla. Ukuvuvukala kwamapayipi nakho kuyingozi, futhi ngezinye izikhathi kukhula ngokungenakuqhathaniswa. Isifo esibi kunazo zonke senzeke kubantu asebekhulile, izingane kanye nalabo abathintekayo ekutheni bavikeleke. Iziguli ezinjalo zinamathuba amaningi kunokuba abanye babhekane nezinkinga, futhi badinga ukwelashwa okunamandla okukhulu. Futhi kuyadingeka ukuthi iqala ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka emva kokuqala kwezimpawu zokuqala. Izimpawu ze-pneumonia kumuntu omdala zimi kanje:
- ukukhathazeka esifubeni nokukhwehlela nokuphefumula okujulile;
- izintambo ezizwakalayo ngokuzwakalayo;
- ukukhathala;
- i-malaise jikelele;
- ikhanda;
- ukuphefumula;
- ukuthuthumela kwezwi;
- i-pallor;
- ukuphazamiseka okungahambi kahle (uma kuhambisane ne-cyanosis yenxantathu ye-nasolabial, lokhu kungase kubonise ukuthi i-hypoxia yesisindo i-pneumonia ephakathi ).
Ukushisa nge-pneumonia
Ukuvutha kwamapayipi kungenzeka futhi ngaphandle kokushisa. Iziguli eziningi zihlushwa ukushisa, okungazigodli ngisho nezidakamizwa ze-antipyretic (ukungasebenzi kahle kwezidakamizwa ezikhethekile kungenye yezinto ezibonisa ukuthi i-pneumonia). Kuzo izinga lokushisa liya phezulu ku-39 - 40 degrees, futhi kukhona neziguli ezinjalo ezizwa kuphela i-malaise. Ikholomu ye-thermometer ayikwenzi ngaphezu kwama-37.5 degrees, kodwa noma kunjalo kufanele uxoxe nodokotela.
Izibonakaliso ze-pneumonia kumuntu omdala ngaphandle kokushisa zihlukile ezibonweni zesifo "sendabuko":
- Njengomthetho, iziguli ezine-pneumonia isikhumba esibucayi ebusweni, futhi emahlathini kunamahloni okungavamile.
- Uma ulalela, ungahlukanisa ukuthi ukuphefumula kwesiguli kuhambisane nenkhwelo engafanele.
- Noma yimuphi umsebenzi womzimba ubangela ukuphefumula.
- Iziguli eziningi zihamba kanzima ukuhamba, zithuthumela ziphuze njalo.
- Ngokuvamile iziguli zikhalaza ngobuhlungu lapho ziphendulwa.
Isikhumba nge-pneumonia
Lesi esinye sezibonakaliso eziyinhloko zesifo. Njengomthetho, ezinkathini zokuqala zokukhwehla usomile futhi ukhulula kakhulu, ngoba ubamba isiguli njalo. Njengoba lesi sifo siphuthuma, ukukhwehlela kuba mnandi futhi kuhambisane nokuhlola okungafani kombala ophuzi okwesibhakabhaka. Ukuhlaselwa kubangela ubuhlungu esifubeni. Ngezinye izikhathi ukuqubuka komzimba kubonakala ngemuva.
Nakuba kubangela izinkinga eziningi, ukukhwehlela kuyisimo "esihle". Ngesikhathi sokuhlaselwa nge-phlegm, ukutheleleka nakho kuvela kumaphaphu. Uma i-pneumonia ngaphandle kokukhwehlela kwenzeka, khona-ke amagciwane ayahlala emzimbeni futhi aqhubeke nokwanda, futhi lokhu kugcwele izinkinga. Ukungabi khona kwegazi kungabonwa ezigulini ezisanda kutholakala i-bronchitis noma i-laryngitis.
Ukuvuvukala kwamaphaphu ngaphandle kwempawu
Leli fomu lesi sifo litholakala, njengombandela, ngokumelene nesimo sokuzivikela okuncane, ukungenwa okungalawulwa kwama-antibacterial anti-antibiotic noma ukwelashwa okwesikhathi eside ngezidakamizwa eziphikisayo. Uma izibonakaliso ze-pneumonia zingekho, futhi lesi sifo emzimbeni siqala, kutholakala ukuthi "i-pneumonia" ekhona. Uphawu oluyinhloko lesi sifo lungase lube nokuphefumula okungazelelwe. Iziguli ngabanye ziphawula ukuthi ngokuvuvukala okuvame ukubhekana nokuzondeka, ukuthatha umoya ojulile.
Ukuze uqaphele ukuthi i-pneumonia engenakwenzeka kungenzeka futhi ngezibonakaliso ezinjengalezi:
- ukuhamba okungalingani kwesifuba;
- ubuthakathaka;
- ukukhathala okusheshayo;
- ukungakwazi ukuthatha umoya ojulile;
- ubuhlungu lapho uphendulela ingxenye engenhla yesiqu.
I-pneumonia ihlolwe kanjani?
Ezimweni eziningi, ukusola kokuvuvukala kwenzeka nodokotela ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa. Uma uhlola i-pneumonia, i- X-ray idlala indima ebalulekile. Lona ithuluzi elikhulu lokuxilonga. I-roentgenogram ibonisa ngokucacile ukugxila kokuvuvukala. Ngaphandle kwe-fluoroscopy, lochwepheshe kufanele ahlaziye ucwaningo lwama-laboratory futhi ahlole isikhukhula. Le nqubo isisiza ukukhomba uhlobo lwe-pneumonia nokuthola i-pathogen, okufaka ekuqokweni kwemithi ephumelelayo.
Isigaba esibalulekile sokuxilongwa yisifo sokuhlolwa kwegazi. Inombolo ekhuphukile yamangqamuzana egazi amhlophe izobonisa ukuthi imvelaphi yegciwane noma ibhaktheriya yesifo. Enye indlela yokuxilonga i-bronchoscopy. Lena inqubo engathandeki, kodwa kusiza ukutadisha i-bronchi. Okusemqoka kwendlela isingeniso ngephunga noma emlonyeni wethubhu elincane, lapho izitho zihlolwa khona futhi, uma kunesidingo, i-mucus ithathwe esiteshini sokuvuvukala.
I-pneumonia - ukwelashwa
Ukwelashwa kufanele kube okuphelele futhi kube ngcono uma kuqhutshwa esibhedlela. Indlela yokuphatha ukwelashwa kwemithi, udokotela unquma. Umsebenzi wesiguli ukulandela ngokugcwele yonke imiyalelo kadokotela. Uma kungenjalo, ukwelashwa kungabambezeleka, futhi isimo - sibi kakhulu. Ukwelashwa kwesibindi kuhlanganisa imisebenzi enjalo:
- Ukwamukelwa kwezidakamizwa zokulwa ne-antibacterial. Esikhathini esivamile futhi esiyinkimbinkimbi yesifo, ama-antibiotic anqunywe kumathebulethi noma ngamaphilisi. Kuzo zonke ezinye izimo, imithi ilawulwa ngendlela efanele.
- Physiotherapy. I-unilateral pneumonia ngaphandle kokukhwehlela nezibonakaliso ezinkulu zingelashwa nge-ultraviolet irradiation nezinye izinqubo.
- Ukwelapha ekhaya. Ezinye iziguli zinconywa ukuba zenze isardard wrappings, ziphathwe ngamakhambi bese ziqhuba ukuvocavoca umzimba.