Izingane zesikole zanamuhla ziyokwesaba uma ziyazi ukuthi yiziphi izimo izingane zaseRoma lasendulo ezazifunda ...
Namuhla nje abavilaphayo abangazi ukuthi imfundo yanamuhla ibukeka kanjani, ebuka emuva ukuthi "bajwayele ukufundiswa kangcono". Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izinkinga ezinjalo ziye zahlala zikhona: emlandweni wesintu kwakungenaso isigaba lapho wonke umuntu angajabula ngokuqeqeshwa kwezingane zabo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukubheka esikhathini esedlule futhi sibone ukuthi izingane eziphila ngaphambi kwenkathi yethu zifundela kanjani: imfundo yabo yasendulo iyazilandela?
Ubani ongaya ezifundeni zemfundo?
Izikhungo zokuqala zokufundisa, ezibizwa ngokuthi i-scholae, zatholwa eRoma lasendulo ekhulwini lesi-III BC. Izakhamuzi ezimbi zazingatholakali ukuqeqeshwa ngoba zonke izikole zikhokhwa. Kodwa-ke, izisebenzi, abadwebi kanye nezigqila azange zingene emcimbini wokufuna imfundo yamahhala yezingane zabo - bafunde wonke amakhono adingekayo ekhaya, basebenza njengabafundi kusukela encane. Abameleli abaphumelela emphakathini waseRoma banikela izingane zabo ezikoleni ezizimele lapho inzalo yabo ingafunda ukufunda nokubhala othintana nabo abasebenzisa khona.
Ekuqaleni, amantombazane nabafana baqeqeshwe ekilasini elilodwa, kepha kamuva kwaziswa uhlelo oluthile lwezemfundo. Ngenxa yobukhokho babo ngaleso sikhathi, kwezinye izifundo, abafana bafundiswa ubuciko bokulwa kanye nezisekelo zomthetho waseRoma, futhi amantombazane afundiswa izici zemithi, ukuphathwa kwabasebenzi kanye nokunakekela izingane. Akunakusho ukuthi ubulili obuthakathaka bubekwe eceleni: ngokuphambene, ngemuva kokuphela kwebanga lokuqala, amantombazane ayeqashwa othisha abengeziwe ekufundeni kwasekhaya. Ngaphandle kwezifundo eziyisisekelo, umfundisi womuntu wayemfundisa ukucula, ukudansa, ukuhlaziya nomculo: ukuthuthukiswa kwaba ngaphezu kokuphelele. Lapho efundisa kakhulu umakoti, cishe wayezoba umfazi wezombangazwe ovelele.
Yayiyini isisekelo sohlelo lokuqeqesha?
Imfundo yamaRoma ngokwayo yahlukana yaba yizikole ezimbili: ukwesaba nokujabula ngokufunda. Kwamanye, isisusa esiyinhloko saba nethuba lokuzwa ubuhlungu obungokomzimba ngenxa yokungalaleli nokufunda okungakafundiwe, kwabanye - isifiso sokuhlanganyela emibambiswaneni ephikisayo futhi ndawonye bafune iqiniso. Ezikhathini zohlobo lokuqala, izingane zashaywa ngephutha elincane, njengoba othisha beqiniseka ukuthi ingane izofunda ngokucophelela uma esaba othisha kuze kube sekufeni. Izikole ezengeziwe zentando yeningi zafaka isithakazelo ekulaleleni izikhathi zokuxoxa nezingqondo nabafundi futhi cishe ubungane babothisha nabafundi.
Ubani ababengabafundisi bezikole zaseRoma?
Njengoba ukuqeqeshwa kwakhokhwa futhi kubiza imali eningi, inqubo yezemfundo yayithembeke yiyona engcono kunazo zonke. Abasunguli bezikole zokuqala babe yizikhanyisi zaseRoma zesayensi, noma bekhululiwe izigqila zesiGreki ezaletha emzini uhlelo lwemfundo olubonwa ezweni lakubo. Uhulumeni waseRoma ngokushesha waqiniseka ukuthi izigqila nabakhululekile akuzona abafundisi abangcono kunazo zonke, ngoba abazi kancane, babengenaso isikhathi sokubona umhlaba nokusebenza ngemikhono yabo. Ukuze kufundwe izihloko eziyinhloko, ezempi, ezombusazwe, abahwebi abacebile. Babenento okumele bayitshele futhi bangabelane ngolwazi lwangempela oluthole empini noma ngenkathi behamba-le mfundo yayigugu ngaphezu kwezinkulumo ezithandekayo ezazifundwa yizigqila ezifundiwe.
Isikole saseRoma lasendulo sasibukeka kanjani?
Isifundiswa sasendulo samaRoma sasihluke ezikoleni zanamuhla zemfundo ezinezakhiwo ezihlukene kanye nokusekelwa kwezwe. Babezitholakala ezakhiweni zezitolo noma ngisho nesikhathi (amabhati aseRoma). Abanikazi bezikole baqashiwe izakhiwo ezakhiweni zangasese, ukucima amakilasi kusukela ekucwileni amehlo ngendwangu eboshwe. Ifenisha yefenisha yayincane: uthisha wayehlezi esihlalweni sezinkuni, futhi abafundi babekwe ezindaweni eziphansi, bebeka konke okudingekayo eklasini ngamadolo.
Iphepha lalibiza kakhulu ukuba livunyelwe kubafundi abangcolile esikoleni samabanga aphansi. Lezo zingane ezazingakwazi ukubhala, ziyikhumbula ngezwi ngokuzwakalayo, ezinye - zabhalwa ngamagceke emaceleni e-wax. Abafana asebekhulile, lapho befunda le ncwadi bengenamaphutha, bathola imvume yokubhala ngesikhumba esenziwe ngemhlanga kanye ne-papyrus ngokusho kwezindlela zaseGibhithe lasendulo.
Yiziphi izifundo ezifundiswa ezikoleni?
Embusweni WamaRoma, i-canon yesikole yasungulwa okokuqala - uhlu oluphoqelekile lokuqondisa kanye nohlu lwemibuzo umfundi ayefanele afunde ngaphambi kokungumuntu omdala. Bhaliswa futhi banikezwa izizukulwane ezizayo i-Varos (116-27 BC): waqamba izifundo eziyisishiyagalolunye eziyisisekelo - uhlelo lolimi, izibalo, i-geometry, i-astronomy, i-rhetoric, i-dialectics, umculo, imithi kanye nezakhiwo. Njengoba sekushiwo ngenhla, amanye awo ayebhekwa njengowesifazane "," ngakho-ke imithi nomculo kamuva bekhishwe ohlwini oluyinhloko. Ngisho nasekuqaleni kweminyaka eyinkulungwane, ukunconywa okungcono komfazi osemusha ongumRoma kwakuyi "puella docta" - "udokotela wangempela". Izifundo zezikole zazibizwa ngokuthi "ubuciko bamahhala", ngoba zazihloswe izingane zezakhamuzi zamahhala. Ngokuthakazelisayo, amakhono esigqila ayebizwa ngokuthi "ubuciko bemishini."
Ukuqeqeshwa kuhamba kanjani?
Lapho abafundi bezikole zanamuhla bekhalaza ngesimiso esinomthelela ngokweqile, badinga ukukhuluma ngendlela izingane zaseRoma lasendulo ezazifunda ngayo. Babengenaso izinsuku: amakilasi abanjwe izinsuku eziyisikhombisa ngesonto! Amaholide ezikole kuphela ngamaholide angokwenkolo, okuthiwa "extravaganza". Uma kwakukhona ukushisa ehlobo edolobheni, amakilasi nawo ayeka ngaphambi kokuba awele futhi ungaphinda usebenzise ngaphandle kokulimaza impilo yakho.
Unyaka wesikole waqala ngo-Mashi, amakilasi aqala usuku nosuku ekuseni futhi yaphela ngokuqala kobumnyama. Esikoleni, izingane zibalwa ezinkambisweni, iminwe noma amatshe amatshe, ukusebenzisa ikiyi kusuka ejubeni, indwangu kanye ne-octopus fluid yangaphakathi.
Ngingaphi lapho ngilandela esikoleni?
Amanyuvesi awazange abe khona embonweni wabo wamanje, kodwa intsha ingaqhubeka nezifundo zabo ngemuva kwesikole samabanga aphansi. Ngemva kokuphothula iziqu lapho eneminyaka engu-15-16, izinsizwa, ezinemali eyanele evela kubazali bazo, zawela esigabeni esiphakeme semfundo - isikole esicacile. Lapha bajwayelene ne-oratory, imithetho yokwenza izinkulumo, ezomnotho, ifilosofi. Isidingo semfundo enjalo sathuthukiswa yiqiniso lokuthi iziqu zezikole zokuziphendulela zivame ukuqinisekiswa ukuba zibe izibalo zomphakathi, ngisho nabasenenenhla.