Uxhumano lwezomnotho - izinzuzo nezindleko zomnotho ohlangene wanamuhla

Uhulumeni wezwe ngalinye uyaqonda ukuthi izinga lokuphila kulo lonke izwe lincike emnothweni. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukuthi ungenzi iphutha ngokuzikhethela. Umnotho ohlangene ungenye yezindlela eziphumelela kakhulu. Yiziphi izici zomnotho oxubekile futhi yiziphi izinzuzo nezinkinga zayo?

Iyini umnotho ohlangene?

Ngenxa yomnotho ohlangene, osomabhizinisi kanye nabantu ngabanye bangenza izinqumo ezizimele emkhakheni wezezimali. Ukuzimela kwabo kunqunywe yiqiniso lokuthi umphakathi noma umbuso ubaluleke kakhulu kulezi zindaba zezimali. Umnotho oxubekile wuhlelo lapho zombili umbuso kanye nomkhakha wangasese kudlala indima ebalulekile ekukhiqizeni, ekusatshalaliseni, ekushintshaneni nasekusetshenzisweni kwazo zonke izinsiza, ingcebo yempahla ezweni.

Ngokuvamile, imibono yomnotho ohlangene ihambisana nenhlalakahle yentando yeningi. Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwalesi simiso, amabhizinisi kahulumeni nabangasese, kanye nezinkampani ezihlukahlukene, akwazi ukuphatha izimpahla zokukhiqiza, ukuphatha ukuhamba kwezimpahla, ukwenza ukudayiswa kwempahla, ukuqasha nokuqeda abasebenzi, empeleni abadlali abalinganayo emakethe.

Yiziphi izinhloso eziyinhloko zomnotho ohlangene?

Lolu hlelo lunemisebenzi yalo ebalulekile. Ochwepheshe bangabizi umgomo owodwa womnotho oxubekile:

1. Ukuhlinzeka ngomsebenzi wabantu.
2. Ukusetshenziswa kahle komthamo wokukhiqiza.
3. Ukuqiniswa kwamanani.
4. Ukuqinisekisa ukwanda kwesikhathi esisodwa ekukhiqizeni komsebenzi nokukhokha.
5. Ukulinganisa ibhalansi yokukhokha.

Izimpawu zomnotho ohlangene

Emazweni amaningi anemali ephakeme kakhulu, uhlelo oluxubile lomnotho lisetshenziswa. Lapha, izinkampani zomthetho nabantu ngabanye banganquma ukusatshalaliswa nokuhamba kwezimali ngokuzimela. Izakhamuzi zalawo mazwe ziyazi ukuthi yisiphi isimo somnotho ohlangene:

1. Ukuhlanganiswa okuyingxenye yokukhiqiza ngaphakathi kwesizwe nangaphezulu.
2. Isakhiwo sikahulumeni nesimfihlo sihlangene.
3. Ayikho imingcele yebhajethi.
4. Ukukhiqizwa kwemisebenzi kuvuselelwa ngemali yengeniso.
5. Inhlangano yokukhiqiza isekelwe esimisweni "sokufuna = ukunikezwa".
6. Ukuba khona komncintiswano emakethe.
7. Umbuso usebenza ekulawuleni umnotho kazwelonke.
8. Kukhona umnotho wesithunzi nempahla evinjelwe uhulumeni.

Uxhumano lwezomnotho - izinzuzo nezingozi

Azikho izinhlelo zamanje ezingakwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi zilungile. Lolu hlobo lomnotho luba nezinzuzo nezinzuzo. Phakathi kwezinzuzo zomnotho ohlangene:

1. Ukuhlanganiswa kokusebenza kahle kwezomnotho nezidingo zabantu.
2. Ukungabi nokuzimela nokulahlekelwa phansi, okungahle kuthinte kabi isimo.
3. Ukuma komphakathi komnotho.
4. Ukunikeza ukukhula komnotho kuphela, kodwa nokuthuthukiswa.

Kodwa-ke, izimiso zomnotho ohlangene zinezinhlangothi zabo ezimbi:

1. Ngokungafani nendabuko, akakwazi ukukhipha amaphuzu amabi njengemali ephansi, ukungasebenzi, i-gap yenhlalo ebonakalayo phakathi kwabantu abacebile nabampofu.
2. Ukuguqulwa okungenzeka kwezimpahla zokukhiqiza.
3. Ukwehla izinga lempahla.
4. Ukuvimbela inqubo yokuphuma kwabakhiqizi ezimakethe ezintsha.

Izinzuzo zomnotho ohlangene

Abaningi bezomnotho bathi uhlobo oluxubene lomnotho lunenzuzo eminingi:

1. Umbuso kanye nabakhiqizi, abathengi kubalulekile ekuxazululeni inkinga ebalulekile yesimiso sezomnotho - kuthiwani, kanjani, nobani umthamo odinga ukukhiqiza. Lokhu kunikeza ithuba elinjalo ukuhlanganisa ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho nokwaneliseka kwezidingo zabantu bonke, okunganciphisa ukuhlukunyezwa komphakathi kulo lonke izwe.
2. Kulesi simiso, konke kulinganiselwe futhi akukho ukuzibusa, futhi akukho ukulahlekelwa okungashukumisa isimo ngaphakathi.
3. Ukuzibandakanya komphakathi komnotho, okuhlanganisa ukulondolozwa komncintiswano, inkululeko yemakethe nokuvikelwa kwesibalo ezingeni likahulumeni kusukela kubambe iqhaza kakhulu emakethe kanye nemiphumela emibi yomnotho wemakethe.
4. Inikeza kokubili ukukhula komnotho kanye nentuthuko.

Umthamo wezomnotho ohlangene

Naphezu kwezinzuzo eziningi, ukwehluleka komnotho ohlangene nakho kuthiwa:

1. Ayikwazi ukuqeda ukwehla kwemali , ukungasebenzi, igebe phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu.
2. Ukunciphisa okungenzeka kwekhwalithi yezimpahla kanye nezimpahla zokukhiqiza eziqhubekayo.
3. Ukunciphisa ukuphuma kwabakhiqizi ezimakethe ezintsha.

Amamodeli womnotho ohlangene

Ochwepheshe bathi umnotho ohlangene wanamuhla unamamodeli anjalo:

1. Umnotho ohlangene we-Neo-ethatist - ngaleyo mkhakha ovezwe ngezizwe uthuthukiswa, inqubomgomo iyasebenza ngokumelene ne-countercyclical kanye nesakhiwo, uhlelo lwezokukhokha okubizwa nge-transfer transfer lwentuthuko .
2. Umnotho ohlangene we-neolberal ubonakala ngezinqubomgomo zokuphikisana. Lapha isimo sizama ukuhlinzeka ngemibandela yomsebenzi ophumelelayo emakethe.
3. Imodeli yesenzo esididiyelwe isekelwe emsebenzini othize kanye nokubambisana kwabamele abakhiqizi bezenhlalakahle - uhulumeni, izinyunyana zabasebenzi kanye nabaqashi.

Imodeli yaseMelika yombono ohlangene

Abacwaningi bathi i-American model yezomnotho ohlangene iyingxenye:

1. Ikhono lazo zonke izimakethe zisebenza ngokuzimela, ngaphandle kokuqapha imisebenzi yabo nguhulumeni.
2. Ikhono lazo zombili izinhlangano zomthetho nabantu ngabanye ukuba babe nempahla yangasese ngaphandle kokulawula kukahulumeni.
3. Abakhi bangasebenza ngokuncintisana, okungahlinzeka ngamasevisi wekhwalithi namanani aphansi.
4. Umthengi anganquma ngokufuna kwakhe ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla namasevisi.

Imodeli yaseJalimane yezomnotho ohlangene

Imodeli yaseJalimane inezinhlobonhlobo zayo zomnotho ohlangene. Phakathi kokuhluka kwawo okuhlukile:

1. Ukuma komphakathi.
2. Ukuhlukaniswa kwenqubomgomo yomphakathi kusuka ezomnotho.
3. Umthombo wokuvikelwa komphakathi wabantu akuyona inzuzo yamabhizinisi, kodwa izimali zomphakathi nezabelomali.

Isibonelo saseSweden somnotho ohlangene

Isibonelo sezomnotho saseSweden sagxila emuva eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha ngenxa yokukhula komnotho okubalulekile okuhlangene neqoqo lezinguquko kanye nomphakathi ozinzile. Le model inezinhloso ezimbili eziyinhloko:

1. Dala izimo ezamukelekayo zomsebenzi.
2. Ukufaka umgqa wokuthola imali.

Lapha isici somnotho ohlangene sisekelwe ekuzinzekeni kwezombangazwe nezomnotho, ukukhula okuqhubekayo kanye nokuphila okuphakeme kwabantu. Lokhu kwaba ngokoqobo emva kokusungulwa ezingeni likahulumeni lemigomo enjalo:

1. Izwe linemasiko enkampani kanye nezombangazwe ezingeni eliphakeme, elivumela ukuxazulula ngisho nezingxabano ezinzima kunazo zonke, ukuthembela ekuxoxweni kwezombusazwe kanye nokuvumelana ngokuvumelana.
2. Ukuncintisana kwembonini, ukusebenzisana kanye nezikhungo zesayensi, ezizimele nezomphakathi.
3. Ukusekelwa kukaHulumeni ekuthuthukiseni ubuchwepheshe obusha, okubhekiswe ekuthuthukiseni izinqubo zezomnotho.

Imodeli yaseJapane yezomnotho ohlangene

Izakhamuzi zezwe elangeni eliphumayo zithi umnotho ohlangene eJapane unemininingwane yawo. Phakathi kwezici zayo:

1. Amasiko kazwelonke aqinile kakhulu, ithonya lawo lingalandelwa ezinyathelweni eziningi zenqubo yezomnotho.
2. Ubuhlobo obucacile phakathi kwabaphathi nabangaphansi.
3. Isikhungo esiqhubekayo sokuzalwa.
4. Ukuphazamiseka okunamandla kombuso kuzo zonke izinqubo.
5. Ubulungiswa bezenhlalo.

Umnotho ohlangene - izincwadi

Umnotho wemakethe ohlangene uchazwe ezincwadini. Phakathi kwezincwadi ezithakazelisayo nezithandwa kakhulu:

1. "Funda ngesimo kanye nezimbangela zomcebo wezizwe" u-Adam Smith . Lapha imibono nemicabango yabalondolozi besikhathi sikabhaliwe ijwayelekile, uhlelo lwezigaba, izimiso kanye nezindlela zezomnotho zenziwa.
2. "Ubukhulu Bombuso Nokukhululeka" uMilton Friedman . Le ncwadi ichaza abaningi ukuthi i-postulates ukuthi esikhathini esizayo ingaba isisekelo sangempela lapho izinguquko eziningi ezivulekile zisekelwe khona.
3. "Amanga amakhulu" uPaul Krugman . Umnotho wezomnotho waseMelika ubhala ngezinkinga ezidume kakhulu zaseMelika nezindlela zokuzixazulula.